Logarithmic functions

John Napier is the man credited to have contributed hugely to the fields of science, philosophy and mathematics. Many believe that he is the brainchild of the modern computer science since he helped in making multiplication, division and root extraction much easier especially for very large numbers. In the world of mathematics the genius of a man, John Napier is credited to have invented the logarithms as early as 1614 and states in his book The â€Å"Descriptio† that he started contemplating the idea of logarithms twenty years earlier which was in the year 1594. Using Napier’s table in his book, calculations were made using the logarithm identities. These are the present first and second laws of logarithms: Log XY = Log X + Log Y as well as Log X / Y =Log X – Log Y. In his book â€Å"the Descriptio†John Napier defined logarithmic function as a differential equation. When the base is â€Å"b† and the variable is â€Å"x† the logarithm to the base â€Å"b† of the variable â€Å"x† can be defined as the â€Å"power to which you would raise â€Å"b† to get â€Å"x†. Other scientists define logarithm as â€Å"the exponent to which the base must be raised to produce a given number†(Standler, B.R 1990). That is expressed as: if Logbx   = n the bn = x or if Y = bLogx = by = x. there are three laws of logarithm that scientists use in interpreting logarithm: These laws are: The product to sum rule – This law expresses that the product of a logarithm is equal to the sum of the individual logarithms and is expressed as: Log bXY = Log b X+ Log b Y The second law – The quotient of different rule: states that the logarithm of a quotient is the same as subtracting the logarithm of the denominator from the logarithm of the numerator; Logbx/y = Log bx – Logby The third and final law – The power rule; states that logarithm of x equals to the exponent of that power multiplied to the logarithm of x Log bXn =nLogb X Common logarithms As earlier identified a logarithm to be valid must contain a base and a variable. Logarithms are classified into two: Natural logarithms and Common logarithm. In common logarithms the base of the logarithm is assumed to be 10 when not indicated in a function, that is â€Å"log 100 = 2 if the base is not indicated† since if log 10100 = x therefore 10x = 100 hence x = 2. Common logarithm is more prevalent when using arithmetic series as opposed to geometric series. Natural logarithms In the common logarithm system the base is expressed as b whereas in natural logarithms the base number is expressed as â€Å"e†. This number â€Å"e† comes into use after the great mathematician from Switzerland by the name Leonhard Euler. Currently â€Å"e† is the base used in calculus and has since been named as â€Å"natural base†. The value â€Å"e† Can be calculated from a series of factorials starting from one (1) This is; â€Å"e† = 1 + 1/1 +  ½ +1/3 +  ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and from this, the value of â€Å"e† is approximately 2.71828182845904. Currently, when Mathematicians calculate the natural logarithm of a number they indicate it as (log x) whereas physicists and engineers denote natural logarithms as lnX. Therefore log eX=ln X(Olds, C.D.1963) Logarithms make multiplication and division easier especially when using very big numbers, very small numbers and those with decimal points. Scientists use of the 1st and 2nd laws of logarithms when adding the logarithms of the numbers the result is the logarithm of the product of those numbers whereas. Subtracting the logarithms of two numbers gives the logarithm of the quotient of the numbers. These arithmetic properties of logarithms make such calculations much faster and less laborious. Although logarithm table are slowly becoming obsolete due to the invention of calculators and computers, logarithms themselves are still very useful. However, for manual calculations which also require a great degree of precision the logarithm tables are easier since one only needs to look up in the logarithm table and do some summation which are faster and easier than performing multiplication (Weisstein, E.W 2007). Other than making calculations less labor intensive and much faster the use of logarithms also increases the accuracy of the results of calculations. This is because the use of logarithms allows minimal errors as the values in the table are approximations of the actual values and thus the error is spread. The Keplers Rudolphine table that was published in 1627, made use of the logarithms and this resulted in more accurate values of latitudes of stars. They also together with Napier’s Analogues made it cheaper and easier to calculate angles and sides of spherical triangles. The importance of this new technique is evidenced by the development of logarithmic methods based on logarithmic scales enables multiplication to be quick and easy since there is decreased long multiplication. Logarithms are very essential in the work of astronomists, navigators, mathematicians and all other scientific fields like chemistry and physics. Logarithms for chemists Chemists use logarithms to calculate chemical reactions that are ever occurring in the world that we are living in. for instance the measure of acidity of a substance is made easier when using logarithms. In the PH scale substances have PH ranging from 0 –7. A juice with PH of 4 is 10 times more acidic that the one with a PH of 5. This PH scale is logarithmic and when there is a PH change of 1 unit the acidity changes by factor of 10. As identified by students of chemistry the strength of the acidity changes towards the negative direction that is the higher the PH, the less acidic the solution. This was calculated by use of very small numbers such as 0.00001 that is written in logarithmic form as (1 x 10-5) where –5 is the logarithm of the number (Standler B.R.1990). As we all know acidic solutions contain hydrogen ions H+(aq) and the pH is found by measuring the logarithm of the concentration of these ions and since many people would be confused by negative numbers, the PH is written assuming the negative sign and this not withstanding, the PH is a logarithmic scale and the acidity of a solution with a given PH is different from that of the next pH number not by 1unit but by factor 10. Electrical and Electronic engineers use decibels and bels as units of measurements. The bell is devised in a convenient way to measure power loss in a telephone system wiring rather than giving in amplifiers – originally, the bel used to represent the amount of signal power loss due to resistance over a standard length of electrical cable, however, it is presently defined in terms of logarithms of base 10. The Richter scale that is used to measure the earthquake intensity is a perfect analogy of the bel scale. The 6.0 Richter earthquakes are 10 times more powerful than a 5.0 Richter earthquake. This means that an advantage of using a logarithmic measurement scale is the tremendous range of extension affordable by a relatively small span of numerous values. Reference: Strandler, R.B 1990 â€Å"Editorial†: Mathematics for engineers. The journal of Undergraduate mathematics and its application vol II, pages 1-6, spring Olds, C, D, 1963. Continued fractions, Random House New York Weisstein, Eric W. â€Å"Natural logarithm† from math world a wolfram web resource Accessed online on 23/09/07   

Music Appreciation Essay

Question 4: Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture was a very interesting song; there were many changes through out the piece. It started out sounding like a battle symphony where Tchaikovsky used the instruments to make a choppy sound, which reminded me of a march, as well as gun sounds. He has a great use of crescendo at the beginning. Along with increasing the sound level he also increases the tempo and brings the piece into a dramatic point as all of the instruments join. This includes many different types of instruments: orchestra, woodwind, and percussion. This composer also has a great use of repetition, in the first minute of the song he repeats small sections with the same instrument, but as the song develops he makes this more complicated and repeats longer sections and changes instruments each time. I really like this style because it allows the listener to hear each instrument individually, which is rarely done in a song. Drums are used to keep the beat in this section of the piece, whic h makes the battle feeling stronger and alludes to a heartbeat sound. But it is really the trumpets that stand out in the song and give the beginning of the battle presentation. After the repetition involving different instruments the song begins a decrescendo, this is a great transition into the next big change in the music. A dramatic shift happens and the music turns into a soft, smooth melodic tune that you would dance to at a ball. There is the use of a tiny bell sound that lightens the mood. The notes in this section are much longer and smoother than previously. Also, the woodwinds were taken out during this section and we only hear orchestra. I did not particularly enjoy this song until it transitioned in such a dramatic way; I have never heard such a transition in a piece where it goes from a battle theme to a ball dance theme. This section is very relaxing when compared to the pervious part. We then  transition into the third section and the tempo speeds up, the instruments still include the orchestra and a tambourine was added. The music quickly becomes quiet with a long pause and returns to the sound of the trumpet just like in the beginning of the piece along with the orchestra. There is a great crescendo and all of the instruments join in together, to me this section really clashes due to all the different sounds. This is where the gun shot sound comes in. All of the instruments join in a long scale that continues to decrescendo as the tempo slows. This is a simple part to write but I believe it is a very good part because it makes all of the instruments really need to work to stay together because it would be very obvious if one were a note off on the scale. As the scale ends the instruments instantly come to a loud crash. There are so many bells and trumpets and other instruments playing that it is hard to distinguish what is going on. This part is very repetitive with all of the instruments playing. The song then changes into a faster tempo and I recognize this tune from somewhere else, it is the trumpets and drums mainly playing until the cannon sound returns once again, and we come back to the battle scene. The is a very big, dramatic scale leading into the large bell sounds as the song is ending. All of the instruments then play the same half notes with short pauses between them and end with a long note to finish of the song. Overall, I really enjoyed this piece it was very interesting to listen to and hear all the different ways that the composer switched up the mood in the song. Question 8: Mozart Don Giovanni Act 2 Finale Part 2 Commendatore Scene is a great piece of opera, and I usually do not like opera. This part of the opera takes place in Don Giovanni’s dining room, he is having a feast made for a king when Donna Elvira arrives to tell him that she is no longer mad at him, but he questions why she isn’t and it is because she now pities him. She then asks him to change his lifestyle, but he refuses to and laughs claiming that women and wine are the necessities of mankind. She angrily leaves and then you hear her scream. Don Giovanni tells Leporello to find out why she screamed. He then leaves and comes back frightened as well and jumps under the table. He tells Don Giovanni that the statue he invited from dinner has arrived. Don Giovanni meets him at the door. The statue tells him to repent  for his sins, but just as before he refuses. When he does this a flash appears and the Earth below them opens and the statue pulls him down to hell. When Donna Elvira arrives on the scene the tempo is quick with light music showing the excitement and turn of events, but when she is asking him the important question of changing his lifestyle the music quiets down because he wants you to hear what she is saying to him. Then during his answer the music crescendos as he pokes back at her and gets down on his knees as well. Then as the discussion continues the music is played as the characters speak and stopped when they stop speaking. At the end of their argument they are holding each other and both singing at the same time and while they are doing this music crescendos with their argument to make it more dramatic. Then when she leaves the room and screams the tempo speeds up and gets loud for a second when Leporello screams. When he is explain what is going on to Don Giovanni the tempo increases to its greatest point showing fear and anticipation. When Leporello stomps on the ground to imitate the steps of the statue the music mimics him as he does it, which adds to the effect. We then hear the great set of knocks at the door accompanied by the whole orchestra and woodwinds. As the flash occurs all of the instruments are playing loudly in a sort of frantic way. There then is a long pause before they all come back in together dramatically as the statue enters. The music quiets as the statue begins to talk and this makes his voice sound very loud and booming in a scary way. It then turns to just the orchestra playing this Halloween type of tune that gives off a scary, creepy feeling. As the statue talks again the music quiets, I really like how the composer does this because it really sets his voice apart from the others. As he continues to speak the music in the background does a little scale heightening the anticipation. This continues quietly as they argue back and forth. The music quiets right before the statue makes his big announcement of why he came and they comes back in with a loud burst when he begins to speak. As the statue speak the music gets louder and as he stops speaking it grows quieter to show his authority. When Don Giovanni is answering the music goes back to the orchestra making the Halloween type of music. As they are holding hands the music cuts in and out, playing when Don Giovanni is talking and stopping when the statue is. This music crescendos as the Earth opens beneath them and does not stop until the play does getting louder and  deeper in sound as it goes. Question 5: Wagner’s Die Walkure â€Å"The Ride of the Valkyries† is a very familiar piece to most people because it is used in many other things. The leitmotif is what is so memorable in this song and what has been used so many times. The purpose of the leitmotif is to have a consistent sound that listeners will remember because it continues to repeat over and over again. A motif is very important because it creates a theme, it then links this sound to the story and when people hear this again they will think back to what was going on. This leitmotif has been used for so many different movies and played by so many people. I think the leitmotif is a great way to make a piece stand out, generating a common theme and repeating it over and over will stick it into the listeners minds and they will anticipate and expect it to come and when they are correct it bring a sense of joy. I like the idea of using this type of form; I believe it is very powerful and effective. Question 7: Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 is my favorite of all of his songs. This is another example of a great motif. The first four notes of this piece set the stage for the rest of the song. It is three short notes (G) followed by a longer note (Eb). The time signature is 2/4 and there is a quarter note rest at the beginning of the bar. This was actually used in World War 2 as ‘dot-dot-dot-dash’ for ‘V’, which stood for victory. This is a very widely known set of four notes. The best part about this piece is the fermata that Beethoven put in the opening because it is an indefinite hold which means that the conductor can hold onto the note as long as he wants.

“Management in the Movie 3 Idiots”

When I first heard this movie, I said in my mind, what would this movie about and would it be nice to watch or it is going to be another boring movie. But when I started watching this movie is was impressed but it is a very nice movie and you can pick lessons from it which made it even better to watch. The movie is about 3 college student who met each other at the Imperial College of Engineering and became friends. They have done a lot of crazy, naughty and also good things to other people to make them happier. It inspires us a lot of things about education, morality, technology, self-motivation, and friendship. They try to achieve their goals despite coming from poor families. One of the best scenes in the movie is when the three men helped a baby birth. At that time, there was a big rain, black out and traffic jam. With limited equipment, eventually the baby was born. A combination among moral message, technology, self-motivation, silliness and friendship can be seen in this part. And from that part of the movie we can relate it to Management for they share the same qualities. Some of these qualities are: †¢Planning They planned what to do to get the power back to help the pregnant woman who was in the point of passing out. †¢Decision Making The three friends were asked to leave the school immediately for they did something wrong. On their way out, they saw a car parked and saw the Dean’s daughter about to conceive a baby and decided to help her for she was in terrible pain. †¢Organizing They have managed to organize a place that would be suitable for the pregnant woman and for the baby she is about to conceive. Staffing They have called everyone in the university to help the pregnant woman to contribute with whatever they have to help with the power. †¢Communicating If communication dies, everything dies. Each word has impact and value in communication. This was the most important because through this, they have made everything work fine, they managed to bring back the power and through this, they have made their connection and got knowledge on how to operate a pregnant woman in conceiving a baby. †¢Motivating They were motivating each other that they can do what is needed to be down right. The word â€Å"All is Well† was their way of saying that you can do it and when the baby was out of his mother’s womb, it was not breathing and that was their point of disappointment but when someone said â€Å"All is Well†, the baby started kicking and crying. †¢Leading One was leading others in what they could bring and do to help. †¢Controlling They were in control of everything that was happening from the place, to the electricity, and to the operation.

Linguistic Anthropology review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linguistic Anthropology review - Article Example However, this focus on the identity has pointlessly restrained the scope of enquiry, thus rendering research in the area ineffective and not in a position of addressing the wider semiotic process that produces sexuality, and disseminating it in language. Nevertheless, one of the essay’s major points is to suggest that what is seen as the differentiating performance from performativity, and how those two perspectives relate to language. Moreover, the focus of this critical study is on the fact that the ‘no’ of a woman is restrained by the cultural demands and expectations of femininity (Kullick 494). The writer states that at several points in time, he noted where he thought that there are differences between a performance perspective and a performativity perspective. He however claims that there is a difference, which in his view is a critical one, which brings us back to the identity question. The difference is that while studies considered in a framework of perf ormance have a tendency to regard language in relation to identity, research designed as performative will focus more on identification. According to the writer, we find that the difference is in identity that in linguistic and sociolinguistic anthropology work is traditionally presented as a more or les cognizant claim-staking of a specific sociological position, and the identification that is concerned with the operations that constitutes the subject. The text is not so much fundamental to production of sexual case, but for materialization of a certain type of sexual instance whereby the sexual subjects produced are empowered and gendered differentially (Kullick 498). The writer states that a psychoanalytic platitude about the identifications is that they don’t make up a consistent relational system. Furthermore, they are not absolutely conscious. In contrast, identifications are merely as much structured by refusals, rejections as well as disavowals as their structuring is done by affirmations. It is essential not to fall the identification into identity as they are not the sane thing. More so, a performative linguistic phenomena approach does not begin or even end with identity. But instead, we find that a performative approach would review the process, by which some types of identifications are permitted, unmarked and legitimate, and others are not permitted, marked and not legitimate. Language, Race and White Public Space by Jane Hill The text â€Å"Language, Race and White Public Space,† is all about the issues of language and race in various societies. The construction of the story is done extensive review of the speech of racialized communities like the African Americans, Latinos and the Chicanos for linguistic disorder’s signs, and the invisibility of nearly similar signs in the White’s speeches, whereby the mixing of language that is essential for the expression of a highly rated kind of colloquial persona, takes many for ms. An example of such forms is the Mock Spanish, which shows a complex semiotics. However, by direct indexicality, speakers are presented by the Mock Spanish as having desirable individual qualities. And by indirect indexicality, it produces racializing stereotypes of the Latinos and Chicanos that are highly negative (Hill 683). Furthermore, it also explores the question of the propensity for such usages to be redesigned to undermine the racial practices’ order in discourse. According to the w

Ethnic Violence in Darfur and International Response Essay

Ethnic Violence in Darfur and International Response - Essay Example Yet, the Sudanese government has repeatedly violated their own constitutional grants of liberty in that countless ethnically 'black' Sudanese have been trafficked, murdered, and enslaved by Arab militia, supported by the government. Moreover, since law-abiding non-Arab Muslims have been treated in much the same way as violators of the law, racial identity is the prevalent factor in government actions. For this reason, critics of the government argue that it is practicing ethnic cleansing, which is not only a violation of Sudanese law, but international law. While Sudan is a member state to the United Nations Charter, whose purpose is to prevent atrocities such as the Holocaust from reoccurring, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which the Sudan is a signatory is incapable of enforcement absent consent to international jurisdiction. Yet the question remains; is there legal recourse for such victims of government abuse More specifically, does the Sudanese constitution grant liberties for the breach of which there is a right to file a claim If there are such explicit rights, how can these rights be enforced within an oppressive regime This paper seeks to examine how notions of individu... While the United Nations offers to protect such victims, without the consent of the offending country to submit to international adjudication, individual rights exist only to the extent of the will of a member state. Therefore, this paper will also examine the origins of individual rights within the context of natural rights, and how natural law limits human rights protections. In this way, it can be shown why absent physical power to effectively halt the murderous Sudanese regime, victims have neither national nor international legal recourse. History of Violence Sudan is the largest country in Africa. In antiquity Sudan was part of a ancient civilization The country has been through a number of forced religious conversions. First, it was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th century of the Christian era. Then Islam was introduced by Arab invaders in 7th century but did not supplant Christianity until the 15th century. The name Sudan means a "land of the blacks" which denotes the ancient racial composition of the country. As a result of invasions from Syria and immigration of nomadic Arabs has since changed the racial composition. The country is roughly divided into two between Arab controlled dominated north and the black dominated south. The country is further divided along religious lines between Arabs in the north and Christians and animist in the south. Approximately, 40 percent of the population is Arab and 60 percent are African. Roughly 60 percent are Muslim. There are close to 600 ethnic groups and over 100 spoken languages in the South. (UUSC, 2004). This explosion combination has resulted in a protracted struggle for control of the country and its resources which so far has been dominated by Arabs in the north. Fight against

The effect of national culture on Commitment forms within Essay

The effect of national culture on Commitment forms within international joint venture - Essay Example the huge population growth which had occurred in the Arab world due to work opportunities related to oil supplies resulting in considerable international migration to countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Such immigration is mainly from surrounding countries (Ali, 1986). Such large-scale immigration occurs because there is a shortage of national labour means there is a need to seek non-national workers who then end up making national a minority within their own country (Ali, 1986). Therefore this situation results in making the national culture a minority within its own environment and has significant implications for that culture. Ali provides data to prove this assertion. For example, the national population living in the United Arab Emirates has declined from 36 per cent in 1975 to 17 per cent in 1986 (Ali, 1986). In 1986 it was predicted that the proportion of nationals living in Saudi Arabia would fall to 9 per cent in 1990 and 2.5 per cent in 2000 (Ali, 1 986). In comparison in 1983 the Indian population living in the United Arab Emirates numbered 300,000, which was one and a half times the number of nationals living in the country (Ali, 1986). Ali went on to explore the reasons why countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates depended on non-national workforces. Some factors proposed by Ali (1986) included the relatively young age of the population of the Arab Gulf States’. For example in 1975 45 per cent of the populations of these states were under 15 (Hamady, 1978; cited by Ali, 1986). Also, there is a high illiteracy rate in the Arab Gulf States’. In 1978 the rate of illiteracy in this group raged from 31 per cent in the United Arab Emirates to 57 per cent of the population of Saudi Arabia (Al-Atiah, 1983; cited by Ali, 1986). These high illiteracy rates are due to problems in the education system which does not have the capacity to provide adequate educational and technical skills (Ali, 1986). This is due to the

Autism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Autism - Research Paper Example The trend has also caused increased autistic cases since the last century. The book also dwells on understanding the causing factors and symptoms of the disease. However, the author does not provide a particular causing factor. This is based on that numerous factors have been cited to be responsible for the disease. For instance, genetic inheritance, exposure to birth complications, childhood vaccinations and exposure to metals can be cited as causing factors. The book also cited numerous symptoms that are associated with autism. The main focus is, however, done on the repetitive nature of autistic people. In addition, other symptoms are associated with neurological disorders. As a child develops, numerous health challenges are experienced before they reach full development. The development of a child should require their participation in social activities. In addition, the ability of a child to use their physical abilities should also be monitored. Malfunctions of these activities may depict a weaknesses or suffering from an illness. Volkmar (2007) is of the assumption that the health of a child is determined by their ability of fit their environment without many complications. Medical complications may be evidence of an existing illness of health complication. For instance, autism affects children below three years. Autism distorts the ability of the child to socialize effectively as well as take part in physical activities. Volkmar (2007) defines autism as a neurodevelopment disorder depicted by poor social interaction behavior, nonverbal and verbal communication. This medical illness makes it impossible for a child to fit in their environment. Volkmar (2007) points out that, autism has been existence for years but no certain cure has been created to curb the illness or ensure recovery of children affected. Autism is depicted by numerous characteristics and causing factors. The causing

Service Learning Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Service Learning Project - Essay Example Finally, I also joined the brainstorming session for Friday’s event where we discussed what was to be presented, and I gave some ideas that were well received. This service-learning project was appropriate for my BComm program course for various reasons, mostly in equipping me with abilities, skills, and knowledge required for a successful career in private and public sectors. The project helped me to explore the communications aspect of the course, as I was able to engage in textual, visual, and verbal messages for a specific audience, in this case, those who are to attend the religious event, which is important to my professional and academic success. It also helped me to explore the information literacy aspect through recognition of required information and the retrieval, evaluation, and effective use of information during my work at the Society’s library. I was also able top engage in teamwork during the brainstorming session that was a valuable lesson in how to interact with other team members during one of the important stages of team decision making. Finally, the project helped me learn about the social and ethical responsibi lity aspect of the course, as I was involved in planning for an event through which the Society was giving back to the

The Expansion of DHL in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Expansion of DHL in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example This helps to secure their place in the international market if the economy in some countries significantly decreases. In addition, the increase in role within individual countries helps to ensure the global awareness of the brand. This report considers the strategy initiated by the DHL Express division of Deutsche Post DHL (henceforth DHL) to increase its investment in the Saudi Arabia network, increasing the access to DHL services for its customers, as well as customer service and delivery fleets. As part of this strategy, DHL planned to invest in the opening of 15 new service points. The Global Economy and International Business DHL is a worldwide logistics company that works with individuals, small businesses and large businesses in order to provide effective logistics solutions for whatever their clients require. The company has a number of different divisions which focus on different sections of their business. These divisions include DHL Express (Deutsche Post DHL, 2011a), which is involved in the worldwide shipping of mail and packages within a limited time frame, DHL Forwarding and Freight, which is involved in the global transportation of merchandise and goods to their destinations, this division focuses on the shipping of large items or large amounts of items, particularly for businesses (Deutsche Post DHL, 2011c). . The other divisions that the company commands are DHL Supply Chain, which provides warehouse storage facilities as well as managed transport and finally DHL Mail, which is responsible for a wide range of services including global mail, the retail outlets for the company, press services a nd marketing . Multinational organisations are confronted with the decision to either focus on regional or on global expansion. Generally speaking, if a company expands at a regional level it loses some of its ground at the global level, and vice versa. Globalization has been shown to be a strong strategy for companies, allowing them to increase their competitiveness . DHL has players in both fields, with a strong international presence as well as strong roles in a number of different regions. The expansion within Saudi Arabia is being developed as part of a wider strategy for expansion into the Middle East, with the idea that Saudi Arabia could serve as a foothold and a strategic location. Data Country Trends DHL has operated within Saudi Arabia since 1976. In 2008, DHL Express initiated a strategy to significantly increase their network within the Saudi Arabian region. In order to do this a total of $26.6 million USD was invested into the network. This strategy served two purposes ; the first was for the expansion within Saudi Arabia, to provide better service and products. The second purpose was to take advantage of the influential role that Saudi Arabia has on the economic development in the Middle East and create strong customer relations and brand recognition for future development . Population Trends Stakeholders in International Business Stakeholders in DHL include customers, employees, investors as well as a number of partner organizations. Other stakeholders include those who are involved in making policy, various environmental and social groups, as well as the general public. In the expansion into Saudi Arabia, the company must balance the needs of the different stakeholders. In order to do this, DHL works actively with different stakeholder groups to ensure that there are no problems. For example, they engage environmental groups to discuss the impact in which the company will have in their expansion and the way in which environmental impact can be reduced .

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay Example The paper tells that the Commission is the chief enforcement authority, with regard to competition rules, and it effects this through the Directorate – General for Competition. The Commission can initiate an investigation on its own. This could be on the basis of press reports or its investigation on the basis of the powers conferred upon it by Article 17 of Regulation 1/2003. In addition, cases arise from complaints made by individuals or admissions of having breached the rules by undertakings. Initially, the Commission will make an investigation into the claim. During the process of investigation, the Commission is empowered to direct undertakings to furnish information and conduct interviews. This measure is aimed at enabling the Commission to determine whether the undertaking has breached the law. Furthermore, the Commission has been vested with the power to search business premises and private homes, and impound pertinent documents. However, before making a search, the Co mmission has to take the permission of the national Court. Specifically, the Commission is empowered by Article 18(1) of the Regulation 1/2003 to instruct undertakings to provide information related to the infringement in question. A recent development is that the Commission relies on the statements made to it by parties. While providing information to the Commission, an undertaking runs the risk of incriminating itself. This violates the right against self – incrimination and the ECJ has accorded partial recognition to this right. Thus, this right applies to a party that has to reply under pain of fine. In case there is no fine involved, there is no such right, as the party is at liberty to ignore the direction of the Commission.8 Even if there is the possibility of a fine being imposed for remaining silent, the right is limited in extent. This was amply illustrated in the case Orkem v Commission.9 The Commission has the authority to decide whether a particular piece of info rmation is essential for establishing breach of competition rules. As a consequence, even if it has proof regarding such infringement, it can nevertheless, request for additional information.10 Such additional information could be necessary for describing the infringement in a better manner.. As such, with regard to infringements in the economic area, it cannot be assumed that an undertaking is entitled to withhold

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) Essay

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) - Essay Example Me, a single citizen of this nation, has a voice that will be heard. I am empowered with an authority that the government will listen to. In this day and age, it is a breather to know that the power resides in the people and that the people creates the government. There is a balance between what the people and the government can do. I know that my individual right is protected even from the government and from those in power. And I live with the assurance that a balance exists between the rights of the people and the power of the government to rule the people. As a student I can greatly relate to my right to speak freely or to meet as group. I bask in my liberty to share my mind without fear of being abdicated nor unjustly punished. Isn’t it great that each is given a chance to air grievance and directly participate in the political process? Not only am I entitled to vote, I can write and participate in political campaigns as well. This makes one think that those in authority are certainly interested in the voice of the masses. As a student, I am empowered and I feel important. As for my family, safety and security in our own home is another thing that we value most. A home will never be a home in the truest sense of the word if not for the safety it brings for every family member. The Bill of Rights afforded each family against unjust searches and protection within. Peace of mind for me and my family is indeed priceless. Lastly, in my view, the ratified amendments, beyond its legal implications, brings forth a grave impact in my life because it serves as an education for me. Education of what I am entitled to as a citizen of this nation and enlightens me to be vigilant in protecting and standing up for my rights, guarding it at all cost from any possible oppression. James Madison, being the â€Å"Father of The Bill of Rights† feels for every

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay In this topic, I will show animal testing. Animal testing is a part of our everyday life. Do you know that many of the products around us and use everyday are still tested on animals? However, many people complain about using animals testing, and they argue animals have life right. People produce a new medicine or cosmetics. But the new product needs to be tested what will affect humans. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing? I think nobody wants to do it. Animal testing saves our lives. Animal testing is necessary for many reasons. A lot of animals are used for experimentation every year. For example: white mice, dog, rabies, and monkey. Without them we dont know if a product is safe to use or not. Animal testing is important because it provides an excellent insight into the complex interactions within a biological system that no existing alternative can provide. Humans and animals alike share many of the same basic biological processes and interaction (Jason,1996). We need to understand animal testing; it is helpful to be aware of different kinds of research conducted on animals and engage in testing. The story Animal Experimentation Is Ethical by Derbyshire, he agrees animal experimentation is necessary. He says: the best hopes to treat or cure any number of diseases all rely on current animal experiments(Derbyshire, 2006 pg 11). Animal testing improves our safety and increases our knowledge of nature and can therefore increase the possibilities for human action, advancing the cause of human freedom. Also, his consensus has formed regarding the three Rs: refinement, reduction, and replacement are defined. The three Rs is importance and advantages of alternatives to animal testing methods are mentioned. Successful promotion of animal research can only begin when we withdraw support for the three Rs. On the other hand in the story Animal Have Rights by Tom Regan, the author argues that non-human animals have the same rights as humans do because animal are similar rational and emotional beings. He contends that viewing animals as inferior constitutes specialism, a prejudice similar to sexism and racism. Furthermore, he claims that treating animals equally fosters individual growth and helps society become more compassionate. Regan (1997) says using animals for testing is a wrong way. It is wrong to treat weaker human beings, especially those who are lacking in normal human intelligence, as tools or renewable resources or models or commodities. It cannot be right, therefore, to treat other animals as if they were tools, models and the like (Regan,1997 pg 21). Animal testing is a part of everyday life. From the shampoos and conditioners that consumers buy to medicines that patients receive, many everyday products are tested on animals. Hampton (2010) says the new products testing is difference between humans and animals. Companies test the new products on animal protect people safety; people can buy the safe products and couldnt hurt them. Companies test on animals to ensure their products are safe not just for profit (Hampton,2010). Animal testing has advanced human welfare and animal testing is necessary. Ranganatha (2012) information is given about the institutions researching alternatives to animal testing and resources available to assist in searching for alternatives are listed. Ethical considerations on the alternative methods are also discussed. It is concluded that much greater effort should be put into overcoming the barriers to the acceptance of replacement alternatives which currently limit the contributions they have to make toward greater humanity and better biomedical science (Ranganatha, 2012). Animal testing can help save human lives. Some animal testing is done to promote a product or to understand the effects of those products. Anonymous (2012) without animal testing first, nobody know whether it is safe for someone to take a new drug or use an improved anesthetic. Researchers may start to use the small flies, if the products havent happen wrong thing, then move up to mice or rabbits and then up to animals much like ourselves. The new products are safety they might test on human volunteers try it, and see the side result. The new products havent killed any animals or people yet, they will sell the new products to the market (Anonmous, 2012). PIR Partners Research (2008) Consumers demand and have a right to expect that the products they depend upon are safe if used properly. They also need reassurance that physicians can save victims in case of accident. Currently, the only way to guarantee these protections is through knowledge gained from animal testing( PIR Partners R esearch, 2008 pg 33). Animal testing is a good way to protect consumers able to use these new products to help them with their illness and even save some of their lives. Without animal testing we dont know if a product is safe to use or not . PIR Partners Research (2008) animal testing has helped people using safe products of the important ways. For example: the company produce the baby food and victims, before the use animal testing and the researcher to resolve the problem that might be caused by a drug or product. It is the first test step. The results were sometimes tragic. The researcher would make sure the products is safe. Many parent hope and have right to expect that the product that they believe on are safe if used properly. Today the only way to guarantee these protection is through knowledge gained from animal testing. ( PIR Partners Research, 2008). Animal experimentation is necessary to ensure product safety. The government requires that the new drugs be tested on animals before sale to market. On the other hand, the computer testing cannot substitute for animal testing . George Poste suggests (2006) although present-day technology cannot yet replace many types of animal research, the research community is committed to finding new ways to reduce and replace animal testing. This ethical commitment is embodied in strict animal welfare protocols at most university, government and industrial laboratories(Poste,2006). Today animal testing is only because of animal experimentation. If the new drugs are only test in a computer lad, who is first able to use them? Kyle(2007) lab animals are also used to help train doctors and veterinarians to be able to practice doing operations before doing the operation on a person. All of these tests work because, according to the BBC website there are No differences between lab animal and humans that cant be factored into tests. (Kyle, 2007). Many of the people who oppose animal testing believe that replacement should be used in these test. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing. Naik (2011) if some of people oppose animal testing, who would like to volunteer for new products testing. I think nobody wants to do it. The people who against it and say is unjust for animals, also they say animals are equal to people. If the company produces a new medicine or cosmetic. Researchers dont test on animal at the first, they look for some volunteers to test on the new products. I think nobody wants to test at the first. (Nail, 2011). Many people suggest new products test on Syrian hamster embryos(SHE). On the other hand, Partners Research (2008) computer data banks allow for the reduction of test duplication. They are also useful in the initial evaluation of chemicals slated for further study; unsuitable chemicals can be eliminated from consideration prior to the institution of animal testing. But computers can only process and store existing knowledge, much of which has come from animal studies. Animal testing is needed to expand that knowledge base (Partners Research, 2008). Animal testing cannot separate with new technology, too. People produce a new medicine or cosmetics. But the new product have to be test for what will affect for humans. Kyle (2007) says that animal testing is a well regulated method to improve the safety of products and to help develop life saving medicines, for which there are no alternatives. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety (Kyle,2007). Researchers want to discover the products information. The information is collected and used to make assumptions about how the products will work on humans and how the products might affect humans. In conclusion, animal testing based on scientific result, it is given us a lot of safe products. The scientific community has been successful in reducing the number of animals used in safety testing, as well as in refining test methods to reduce any pain or distress these animals may experience. The new medicine or cosmetics are always tested on animals first. The new products if safe might be tested on people, try it and see the result. Today, many companies use animal and lab computers to test new products. However, animal testing would find out more detail information and dont hurt people. Animal testing is safe for our live. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety.

Impact of Exports, Imports and Stock Exchange on Pakistan

Impact of Exports, Imports and Stock Exchange on Pakistan Impact of Exports, Imports and Stock Exchange performance on GDP of Pakistan. CHAPTER NO 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The stock market plays an important role in the economy by mobilizing domestic resources and channeling them to productive investment. This implies that it must have a significant relationship with the economy. The relationship can be seen, in general, in two ways. The first relationship views the stock market as the leading indicator of the economic activity in the country, whereas the second focuses on the possible impact the stock market may have on aggregate demand, particularly through aggregate consumption and investment. In other words, whether changes in stock market cause fluctuations in macroeconomic variables, like Consumption Expenditures, Investment Spending, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Index of Industrial Production (IIP), etc., or are caused by these variables is an interesting issue to be examined. The former case implies that stock market leads economic activity, whereas the latter suggests that it lags economic activity. In addition to stock market another significant factors that are likely to effect on any economy around the world are imports and exports. As far as Pakistan is concerned its economy is highly reliant on the imports like industrial inputs, machinery, fuel and essential food stuffs. Pakistan major imports are petroleum, machinery, transport equipment, chemical, dyes, steel, iron, products, tea chemicals and many other products of goods and services which are not easily available in Pakistan. All the major transactions are in terms of million from the year of 2009 to 2011 having a percentage of GDP effect the economy of Pakistan. The major exports of Pakistan are the agriculture products, industrial goods, hosiery products, garments, cloth, fabrics and many other items which are excess in Pakistan Shabbir, Mahmood, Niazi, (1992). A country can avail numerous benefits from its exports. Firstly, trade expansion will bring about enhanced productivity through greater economies of scale in the export sector. Secondly, increased competition encountered in the international markets will undoubtedly provide greater incentives for technological advancement and better management, the effects of which will spill over into the non-export sectors, and thus raise the over-all productivity of the economy. Thirdly, increased export earnings will ease constraints on growth by enhancing the capacity to import essential goods, especially imports of intermediate and capital goods. In other words, export expansion promotes capital accumulation and, consequently, over-all economic growth. Fourthly, exports may have a positive imp act on productivity owing to better allocation of resources through specialization based on comparative advantage. Lastly, an export-oriented approach in a labor-surplus economy permits rapid expansion of employment and real wages. The importation and exportation of goods and services take a vigorous role in the progress of the economic development of Pakistan. It is observed that both factors import and exports help the economy to grow in the local and international market as well. Now due to energy crises the ratios of exports are very less as compared to imports. The rate of population of Pakistan is increasing day by day, which means a high increase of the demands and needs. The importation and exportation of goods and services play a dynamic role in the progress of the economy of Pakistan. It is observed that both factors import and exports help the economy to grow in the local and international market as well. Now due to energy crises the ratios of exports are very less as compared to imports. Therefore, the study will analyze the imports/exports and stock exchange growth with respect to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan. 1.2 Problem Statement A country like Pakistan whose economy is dependent on taking loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF) has to increase it exports and decrease its imports in order to reduce its dependency on foreign aid and loans. Moreover, owing to economic and political un stability the stock exchange of Pakistan fluctuates all over the year. Both imports/exports and stock exchange is effecting the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan over the years. Therefore, the study wants to find the impact of Imports/Exports and Stock exchange growth on GDP of Pakistan. 1.3 Research question What is the impact of imports, exports and stock exchange growth on GDP of Pakistan? 1.4 Research Objectives To analyze the impact of imports and exports on GDP of Pakistan. To investigate the impact of Stock exchange growth on GDP of Pakistan. 1.5 Rational of the study The study is based on the time series data from year 2001 to 2015. Data has been collected from authentic sources such as World Bank, world development index and Pakistan stock exchange. On the contrary the stock exchange performance was gathered from Pakistan stock exchange. Imports, exports and stock exchange performance will be used as independent variables and GDP will be used as dependent variable. In order to find the impact of imports, exports and stock exchange performance on GDP of Pakistan the research will use and Regression analysis. 1.6 Significance of the Study The study will be significant to the overall economic sector of Pakistan. Government can avail benefits from research findings in such a way that it can help the government while making their relevant policies for exportation and importation of goods. Furthermore, the government of Pakistan can see the fluctuations in the stock exchange growth over the years through which they can predict the stock exchange performance for years to come. All in all, the whole research will be beneficial to the relevant government sector if they want to increase the economic performance of our country. CHAPTER NO 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Following section contains viewpoints of various authors around the world and from Pakistan with respect to imports/exports and stock exchange growth on GDP of Pakistan. Literature review is an essential part of any research reason being it gives us the direct and indirect perspectives and establish a ground on which current research is taken place. It is inappropriate to conduct a new research before reviewing past research related to the topic on which we are going to conduct research. 2.1 Literature Review The empirical literature on export, import and economic growth nexus are distinguished between two stands in the methodological point of view. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst stand uses the cross-country approach in order to test the economic theory about export and economic growth nexus by using rank correlation approach, OLS method, 2SLS and random effect estimation method. These studies are supported for a positive relationship between export and economic growth McNab and Moore, (1998). The second stand uses the time series techniques. In the beginning of time series literature on export, import and growth nexus, the researchers have widely used causality methods to find out the results. Ahmad and Harnhirun, (1995) employed cointegration and error-correction modeling approach in case of à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ve Asian countries, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, annual data of 1966-1990 are employed. They found out bidirectional causal relationship between export and economic growth. In case of China, Shan and Sun, (1998) investigated the ELG hypothesis by using the monthly data 1987-1996. They found bidirectional relationship between export and economic growth. Lie et al. (1997) examined the long-run relationship between trade openness (exports plus imports) by using the quarterly data from 1983 to 1995. They found bidirectional relationship between trade openness and economic growth and suggested higher degree of trade openness associated with the higher level of economic growth. Narayan and Smyth, (2004) used Cointegration and error-correction method in order to check the link between real export, human capital accumulation and economic growth. They found long-run relationship only when real export is the dependent variable. Mah, (2005) the ELG is tested using the ARDL model. The results are in favor of a long-run bidirectional relationship between real GDP and export growth. Conversely, Tang (2006) reviewed the ELG hypothesis in China with import as an additional variable in the model. He used two Cointegration methods, i.e. ARDL approach to Cointegration, and JJ cointegration methods. The results of two approaches indicate no cointegration between export, import and real GDP. Herrerias and Orts, (2009) examined the relationship between the import, investment, output and productivity by using the data 1964-2004. They concluded in the long run both import and investment have promoted output and labor productivity but on the other hand neither investment causes import nor import causes investment. Muhammad Adnan Hye, (2012) conducted a research in China the purpose of this paper is to investigate the export-led growth, growth-led export, import-led growth, growth-led import and foreign deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cit sustainability hypothesis in the case of China, using annual time series data from 1978-2009. The results conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rm the bidirectional long run relationship between the economic growth and exports, economic growth and imports, and exports and imports. These à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ndings guided the authors to conclude that the exports-led growth, growth-led exports, imports-led growth and growth-led imports hypothesis is valid, and foreign deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cit is sustainable for China. The long run elasticities are the elasticity of economic growth with respect to exports is 0.591, and elasticity of exports with respect to economic growth is 1.635. The elasticity of economic growth with respect to imports is 0.621, and elasticity of imports with respect to economic growth is 1.392. Fur thermore, the elasticity of exports with respect to imports is 1.322, and imports elasticity with respect to exports is 0.975. Using time-series and panel data from 1986 to 2004, Hsiao Hsiao, (2006) examines the Granger causality relations between GDP, exports, and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand, the eight rapidly developing East and Southeast Asian economies. After reviewing the current literature and testing the properties of individual time-series data, we estimate the VAR of the three variables to à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nd various Granger causal relations for each of the eight economies. We found each country has different causality relations and does not yield general rules. We then construct the panel data of the three variables for the eight economies as a group and then use the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ xed effects and random effects approaches to estimate the panel data VAR equations for Granger causality tests. The panel data causality results reveal that FDI has unidirectional effects on GDP directly and also indirectly through exports, and there also exists bidi rectional causality between exports and GDP for the group. Our results indicate that the panel data causality analysis has superior results over the time-series causality analysis. Wacziarg (2001) analyzed the association between trade policy and economic growth by taking 57 countries over the period 1970-1989 by employing fully specified empirical model. He constructed openness index with the help of three trade policy variables, tariff barrier, non-tariff barriers and a dummy variable of liberalization. The results concluded that trade openness affects growth mainly by raising the ratio of domestic investment to GDP and by FDI. Nath and Mamun (2006) investigated the causality between trade, investment and growth through Vector Auto regression (VAR) framework for the period 1971-2000 in Bangladesh. They presented that trade openness has promoted investment in Bangladesh. Although study suggested that growth causes trade but this study found little evidenced that trade affecting economic growth in Bangladesh. By employing ARDL Approach to Co-integration on two Asian countries, India and Korea, Sarkar (2005) has found no meaningful relationship between the per capita real GDP and trade openness. Although India and Korea, opened trade and shares of trade in their GDPs also rose significantly. But none of the countries experienced a positive long-term relationship between opening up and economic growth. Parikh and Stirbu (2004) used fixed effects, random effects, OLS and SURE models for panel of 42 developing countries i.e. Asia, Africa and Latin America over the period 1970-1999. They analyzed the relationship between liberalization, growth and trade balance or current account. Their results concluded that liberalization contributes significantly to economic growth, openness and investment rates. The studies dealing with the causal relationship between stock market and macro variables focus on the relationship of stock prices with consumption expenditures, investment spending, and economic activity. In these studies, the economic activity is generally measured by Gross Domestic Product. (A) Stock Prices and Consumption Expenditures The relationship between stock prices and consumption expenditures is based on the life cycle theory, developed by Ando and Modigliani (1963), which states that individuals base their consumption decision on their expected lifetime wealth. Part of their wealth may be held in the form of stocks linking stock price changes to changes in consumption expenditure. Thus, an increase in stock prices will increase the expected wealth, which, in turn, will increase the consumption expenditures, suggesting the direction of causality from stock prices to consumption expenditures. On the other hand, an increase in consumption expenditures may result in an increase in the corporate sectors earnings, which will result in higher stock prices, implying causality from consumption expenditures to stock prices. (B) Stock Prices and Investment Spending The relationship between stock prices and investment spending is based on the q theory of Tobin (1969), where q is the ratio of total market value of firms to the replacement cost of their existing capital stock at current prices. According to the theory, the firms would increase their capital stocks if q is greater than one, implying that the market value of firms is expected to rise by more than the cost of additional physical capital. Thus an increase in stock prices will result in an increase in the market value of firms, implying that firms would increase their capital stocks reflecting an increase in investment spending. Another link, though less direct, between stock prices and investment spending is based on the neoclassical or cost-of-capital model. The model assumes that firms first determine the desired stock of real capital on the basis of prices of labor, capital, and expected sales and then determine the rate of investment depending on how fast they wish to reach the desired capital stock in the face of significant adjustment cost. Thus, the expected changes in sales and planned output are the major factors affecting investments. However, as noted by Bosworth (1975), if higher earnings are implied by higher expected output that increases stock prices, then the market valuation model implicitly accounts for the effect of expected output. (C) Stock Prices and Economic Activity Finally, the relationship between stock prices and economic activity is investigated to examine the role of stock market, that is, whether it leads or lags economic activity. Moreover, the relationship of stock prices with the components of aggregate demand, consumption, and investment sometimes provide conflicting results, causing an ambiguity concerning the direction of causality between stock price changes and macro variables. As mentioned above, the economic activity is generally measured by GDP and/or IIP. In addition to above in any study of the aggregate economy, one of the key elements is the aggregate amount of goods and services produced over a certain period of time. The measure is called the nominal gross domestic product (the GDP). This is the market value of the total quantity of final goods and services produced over the specified time period. The GDP is actually measured quarterly, but the number is then multiplied by four, so that the amount is in annual terms Mankiw, (2011). The components of this measure of GDP are Consumption(C), Investment (I), Government Expenditure (G) and Net Exports (NX). Net exports represents the money value of domestically produced goods that are sold outside the country (i.e., our exports) minus the purchase of goods and services produced in other countries (i.e., our imports). Our exports are part of our domestic production, so obviously must be included. Our imports are subtracted here, because they are goods and services produced by foreign countries, but they have already been included in our consumption, investment and government expenditures. If imports increase, but all other parts of the GDP remain the same, the GDP will not change, because the imports are first included in the calculation of C + I + G, and then they are subtracted out. Thus, Y = C + I + G + NX. A large number of studies tested the Export Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis, using different econometric procedures, ranging from simple OLS to multivariate co-integration, but previous empirical studies have produced mixed and conflicting results on the nature and direction of the causal relationship between export growth and output growth. Ghatak and Price (1997) test the ELG hypothesis for India for the period 1960-1992, using exports as regressors and measure of GDP that nets out exports, along with exports and imports as additional variables. Their Cointegration tests confirm the long-run nature of this relationship. However, imports do not appear to be important for the case of India. Asafu-Adjaye et al. (1999) consider three variables: exports, real output and imports (for the period 1960-1994). They do not find any evidence of the existence of a causal relationship between these variables for the case of India and no support for the ELG hypothesis, which is not too surprising given Indias economic history and trade policies. Ramos (2001) investigates the Granger-causality between exports, imports, and economic growth in Portugal over the period 1865-1998. His empirical results do not confirm a unidirectional causality between the variables considered. There is a feedback effect between exports output growth and imports output growth. Nidugala (2001) finds evidence in support of the ELG hypothesis for the case of India, particularly in the 1980s. He finds that export growth had a significant impact on GDP growth. Further, his study reveals that growth of manufactured exports had a significant positive relationship with GDP growth, while the growth of primary exports had no such influence. Studies related to Pakistan Mukhtar, Rasheed, (2010) empirically examines the long run relationship between exports and imports for Pakistan using quarterly data for the period 1972-2006. The econometric framework used for analysis is the Johansen Maximum Likelihood Cointegration technique, which tests both the existence and the number of Cointegration vectors. Results show that there is a long run relationship between exports and imports and the country is not in violation of its international budget constraint. Furthermore, for testing the stability of long run equilibrium relationship and direction of causality, vector error correction model (VECM) technique has been applied. The findings confirm the stability of the long run equilibrium relationship between exports and imports. Under Granger causality tests, it has been found that there exists bidirectional causality between exports and imports. Ullah and Asif (2009) investigated export-led-growth by time series econometric techniques (Unit root test, Co-integration and Granger causality through Vector Error Correction Model) over the period of 1970 to 2008 for Pakistan. In this paper, the results reveal that export expansion leads to economic growth. They also checked whether there is unidirectional or bidirectional causality between economic growth, real exports, real imports, real gross fixed capital formation and real per capita income. The traditional Granger causality test suggests that there is unidirectional causality between economic growth, exports and imports. On the other hand, Granger causality through vector error correction was checked with the help of F-value of the model and t-value of the error correction term, which partially reconciles the traditional Granger causality test. After going through viewpoints of different authors it is evident that imports, exports relationship with economic development has been explained in Pakistan scenario and all over the world. However, the variables such as imports, exports and stock exchange performance are not being analyzed with respect to GDP specifically in Pakistan scenario which is the gap of the study. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Independent Variables Dependent Variables Reference: Mukhtar, T., Rasheed, S. (2010). Testing long run relationship between exports and imports: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 31(1), 41-58. 2.2.1 Operationalization of Variables Imports and Exports are measured as merchandise imports and exports (US $) and GDP is measured as per capita growth in percentage form Whereas, stock exchange performance is measured by market capitalization of all domestic companies registered on Pakistan stock exchange formally known as Karachi stock exchange. 2.3 Hypothesis H1:Imports, Exports and Stock exchange performance has a significant impact on Gross domestic product of Pakistan. H2: Imports, Exports and Stock exchange performance have no significant impact on Gross domestic product of Pakistan. CHAPTER NO 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Sample The sample size for this research consists of time series data of 15 years starting from 2001 to 2015. Data has been collected from authentic sources such as World Bank, world development index and Pakistan stock exchange. The research is secondary in nature because market research thats already compiled and organized for us are the examples of secondary information that includes reports and studies by government agencies, trade associations or other businesses within our industry. 3.2 Instrument and Measures Regression analysis, Anova and Coefficients of regression were the instruments that were used to measure the impact of exports, imports and stock exchange performance on Gross domestic performance of Pakistan. Furthermore, to check the validity and appropriateness of data reliability analysis was done for dependent and independent variables. 3.3 Procedure Statistical package for social sciences program SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the dependent and independent variables to see out the impact of exports, imports and stock exchange performance on GDP of Pakistan. CHAPTER NO 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Regression Analysis Table 4.1.1 Model Summary Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .830a .689 .681 1.72691 a. Predictors: (Constant), SE_Per, Exports, Imports Interpretation The proportion of variation in dependent variable as a result of the independent variable is given by R square. Estimated 68% variation was found out in dependent variable as a result of the independent variable. Following the adjustments made the data related to variation in dependent elements due to the independent ones is represented by R square. Table 4.1.2 ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 55.198 3 27.599 91.914 .000 Residual 24.962 11 2.982 Total 80.160 14 a. Dependent Variable: GDP b. Predictors: (Constant), SE_Per, Exports, Imports Interpretation A perfect fit of the model is indicated by the ANOVA table. Furthermore, the p value of 0.000 indicates a perfect position regarding the independent and dependent variables. Table 4.1.3 Coefficients Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -.082 .220 -.876 .400 Exports .437 .073 .506 5.972 .018 Imports -.472 .103 -.390 -4.598 .027 SE_Per .094 .043 .762 2.213 .023 a. Dependent Variable: GDP Interpretation The coefficient stresses the influence of the independent variable on the dependent one. The direction in which the dependent variable is led towards by the independent one is ascertained from the Beta value. The p value is significant at less than 0.05. In our scenario all the variables that are exports, imports and stock exchange performance are significantly impacted the dependent variable that is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). But, the noteworthy thing in the results is that exports and stock exchange performance is positively impacted the GDP whereas, imports are negatively impacting the GDP of Pakistan but it is statistically significant. Hence our Hypothesis (H1) is accepted whereas H2 is rejected. CHAPTER NO 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion After above empirical results it has been proved that all the independent variables that are exports, imports and stock exchange performance are significantly impacted the dependent variable that is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Hence our Hypothesis (H1) is accepted whereas H2 is rejected. In addition to our results previous studies conducted in Pakistan and outside Pakistan found out similar results such as Ullah and Asif, (2009) investigated export-led-growth by time series econometric techniques over the period of 1970 to 2008 for Pakistan. Their results reveal that export expansion leads to economic growth. However, outside Pakistan in case of our neighbor country India Asafu-Adjaye et al. (1999) consider three variables: exports, real output and imports (for the period 1960-1994). They do not find any evidence of the existence of a causal relationship between these variables for the case of India. 5.2 Recommendations Government should take strong measures to increase exports and decrease our imports. Interest free loan should be provided to the minor scale organizations to make rise in their productivity. Taxes should be cuts for the exporter country and taxes should be improved for importer companies to decrease the import. If we want to make a rapid growth in Pakistan economy, then it is necessary to reduce its imports and increase in exports. But in Pakistan the situation is reversed. The relationship between exports and economic growth is positively correlated but the relationship of imports and economic growth is negatively interrelated. If net exports are of positive value, the nation has a positive balance of trade. If they are having negative value, the nation has a negative trade balance. Lastly, our government should ensure political stability in our country as we see that whenever there is a political chaos in our country the stock market goes down and vice versa which is severely hurting Pakistans economy.

Entrepreneurial Leadership

Entrepreneurial Leadership Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of entrepreneurial leadership. I will start by discussing the common elements of entrepreneurial leadership and the leadership style of entrepreneurship. Lastly, I will discuss how new entrepreneurs use resources and tools available through Small Business Administration and SCORE. By definition, entrepreneurial leadership is seen as leadership that creates visionary scenarios that are used to assemble and mobilize a supporting cast of participants who become committed by the vision to the discovery of exploitation of strategic value creation. Entrepreneurial leadership requires three key dimensions: (1) being inclined to take more business-related risks: (2) favoring change and innovation to obtain competitive advantage; and (3) competing aggressively with other firms. (Vipin Gupta 2004) Common Elements: Discuss the common elements described in the theories/philosophies of Case, Kouzes, and Drucker including how their principles/strategies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership presented in Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership in todays Dynamic Markets. Leadership Style: Discuss your leadership style or the style you aspire to be and how it compares to transactional, transformation, visionary, charismatic, principled, and entrepreneurial leadership. According the article Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership in Todays Dynamic Markets, the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership is one of an enterprising, transformational leader who operates in a dynamic market that offers lucrative opportunities. Transformational leader dimensions include clarity, communication, consistency, caring, creating opportunities, self-confidence, power need and its use and vision. (Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership) Entrepreneurial leaders are also believe that have helped develop and sustain the elements of organizational culture, which includes adaption, how people deal with external forces and the need to change, goal achievement, the nature of organizational goals. The strengths of entrepreneurial leaders are that they excel in leading firms that compete on the edge, have ability for learning and knowledge generation, can handle sudden change, and understand their resources and capabilities. (Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership) The style of leadership that I would describe myself as having is between participative and delegative leadership. I consider myself to be a participative leader meaning that I accept input from other group members when making decisions and solving problems, but I would retain the final say when choices are made. In my opinion, group members would be more encouraged and motivated by this style of leadership. Also being a participative leader leads to more effective and accurate decisions, since no leader can be an expert in all areas. Input from group members with specialized knowledge and expertise creates a more complete basis for decision-making. On the other hand, delegative leaders allow group members to make decisions, which is a best practice tool in situations where the leader needs to rely on qualified employees. The leaders cannot be an expert in all situations, therefore it is important to delegate certain tasks to knowledgeable and trustworthy employees. These types of leadership fall under the category of transformational leaders, conforming to network and coworkers in the best fashion in order to benefit the organization while still sharing ideas. Transactional leaders believe that people are motivated by reward or punishment. These type of leaders give clear instructions to followers about what their expectations are and are rewarded when expectations are meet and punished when failure of expectations occur. (Transitional Leadership) Charismatic leaders are seen more as brave risk takers; Visionary leaders look at the bigger picture to its entirety; and Principled Leaders are revolves around morality and ethical standards. Their policies include the rights and wrongs. Tools for Small Businesses: As a new entrepreneur, discuss how you would use resources and tools available through the Small Business Administration and SCORE. In recent months, the United States Small Business Administration created expansion plans and online endeavors, offering a new website that consolidates the agencys free training courses, counseling materials and tools. (Klonsky 2010) This type of information is extremely important for new entrepreneurs, as new entrepreneurs tend to lean on the government for everything from starting up a new business to acquiring business loans to finding potential opportunities for growth. With the newly offering of the Small Business Administration, there are numerous program offers that serve as resourceful tools for new entrepreneurs. The agency now offers 30 virtual training courses, partnered with Google to provide marketing tips and strategies, and host Facebook and Twitter pages with regular news updates. (Klonsky 2010) Considering that the Small Business Administration are offering these programs, it would be at the advantage of any new entrepreneur to take heave to this programs. Listed below are a few programs that SBA currently offers for new entrepreneurs: Training courses and videos Small Business Training Network contains a wealth of virtual courses, videos and podcasts to help entrepreneurs move up from the ground floor. Each of the 30 courses offers a 30-to-35 minute lesson in areas ranging from finance and accounting to strategic marketing to retrofitting a business. (Klonsky 2010) Live Web Chats Partnership with Google Business Planner, Templates and Success Stories SCORE and Other Sites Research and Data The resource tool, SCORE, is considered the most comprehensive resource provided by the Small Business Administration. SCORE provides tools, links and advice for entreprenuers, along with providing business templates, workshops for assessment, quizzes, podcasta and how-to-guides. SCORE also features success stories for specific industry and interest areas. Personal Principles of Leadership: If you were to create your personal principles of leadership, what would they be and explain why you would chose them.

What Price Freedom? :: American America History

What Price Freedom? No country allows as much personal freedoms like the United States of America. The Supreme Court has passed laws which allow more freedom of expression than ever before. By hearing this, you may think that everyone is happy in the U.S. Well, a lot are, but to gain these freedoms, there was once a price to pay. Several people have been beaten, verbally assaulted, and killed for others to gain freedom that they deserve. I ask: At what price should freedom come? In December or 1965, in Des Moines, Iowa, a 15 year old girl and her brother wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War. The Principal then decided that no student should be allowed to do such demonstrations, and after a warning, he suspended anyone wearing the bands. Later that day both wearers of the bands were suspended until January. The 2 students too it to federal court where they said that they had the right to wear the bands under the First Amendment right. They ended up loosing because the armbands would "disturb school discipline". About 4 years later, the decision was changed in favor of the students. Soon after, in the 1970's, more and more court battles about the First Amendment appeared. Without the help of the 2 students getting suspended, the First Amendment may have still been limited. Ever since dated history in the U.S. has begun, slavery had always gone on. Africans were forced to do the work and labor of the Americans. Black females were forced to do work in the kitchen such as cook and clean the house. Black men worked in the farm, picking cotton, and loading wagons with the crops. Slaves were often beaten by their owners and slave traders. Some were killed or mutilated for doing a "wrong" deed such as learning to read. If the slaves tried to escape from their home to the north, they would be beaten and brought back immediately. The blacks coming from Africa had to rights whatsoever. Slavery went on in the United States until the mid 1800's. The Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued in 1863 made slavery illegal in all the states in the U.S. It took the hard work and determination that one day the blacks of America would be free. A severe price of freedom, but one that stands out and may be worth while.

Scarlet Letter Summaries :: essays research papers

Chapter Summaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 1 This chapter briefly introduces seventeenth-century Boston, where a group of Puritans stand in front of a somber prison or a black flower of civilized society, which seems older that its age. The area around the prison is gray and gloomy. Decay and ugliness are apparent in the author’s descriptions, the only exception is a lovely wild rosebush, whose origin is uncertain, blooming by the prison door.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 2 The chapter opens as the Puritans are discussing Hester Prynne and her sin. With almost no exceptions, the ridged townswomen are unhappy with the mildness of her punishment. Hester comes out of the prison and walks to the scaffold wearing an elaborately embroidered scarlet letter A on her breast, and carrying a small infant in her arms. As she is standing alone on the scaffold she attempts to escape her shame by dreaming of her past life in England.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 3 While standing on the platform, Hester recognizes a man in the crowd who is accompanied by an Indian. This man inquires about her and why she is there. This is where we learn that she has committed adultery (the scarlet letter A is for adultery). The man seems very concerned that the other guilty party should also be on the scaffold. Hawthorne hints that the stranger is her lost husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 4 Once she is back in her cell, she is frenzied and a physician is brought in. He is the stranger in the crowd that Hester recognized, and was alarmed by. He gives Hester and her child a sedative, which calms them down and gives them time to talk. We find that he is her husband who was left behind in England. He does not want revenge, he only wants to know who it was that violated his marriage. He then asks that if she will not reveal the name of her lover that she will also keep his identity a secret. Roger Chillingworth, her husband, is determined to make a home in Boston, and find the man who is the father of Hester’s child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 5 Hester punishes herself more than anyone else could. Once out of prison she has the choice to move anywhere, and leave her past behind, yet she stays near Boston and lives with the torture of always being an example of sin. She works as a seamstress, saving just enough for herself and her daughter, giving the rest to the poor, who are openly hateful.

Hiring In-Laws: A Bad Idea :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Hiring In-Laws: A Bad Idea Many successful small businesses have been ruined by bringing in-laws in to the family business. As these in-laws struggle to establish a voice in the company, meaning well, they often wind up destroying them. As the owner of the family business, it is your job to avoid situations that could hurt or hinder your business. In this case you should assume a few often overlooked points:  When approaching your business, never think of it in terms of one happy family.  Never assume that in-laws will be grateful to benefit from the opportunities the business offers. Rather, they often feel guilty and incompetent thinking they would have never gotten the job if they weren't family.  Even in-laws with terrific ideas for the company will disrupt the business, the family, or both.  In-laws will struggle from day one to try to prove themselves to you. Even at family outings they will often engage in business talk to promote their worthiness and creativity. The O'Shea Family Business To further illustrate the risks of hiring in-laws into a business we will use a real life example, the O’Shea family. The O’Shea family business was fairly simple. They owned a clothing manufacturing company that made camouflage apparel. They were contracted suppliers of clothing to the military since the business opened its doors during World War II. Daniel O'Shea, the company president, was earning a "comfortable living" in 1970 when began making plans to select his successor. His two daughters had no interest in the day-to-day operations of the company. As a result his decision to choose his son, a levelheaded recent M.B.A., was easy. His name was Sean. Sean knew the business very well, and the company grew from his good business sense. He was young and energetic, helping the company to increase profits almost 50% in his first 2 years while at the helm. This meant bigger monthly checks for the family members, and no one argued against that. The business be gan to grow and so did the need for personnel. Sean made a big mistake only 5 years into his career. With the insistence of one of his sisters, he hired an in-law. It was against his better judgement, but he figured he could place him in a job were the family ties would not cause any problems.

Hersey’s Purpose in Writing Hiroshima

John Hersey was born in China on June 17th, 1914. John Hersey wrote the book Hiroshima on August 31, 1946. The book is about six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. The survivors was: Mrs. Hatsuy Nakamura, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, Toshiko Sasaki, Dr. Masakazu Fujii, and Reverend Kiyoshi Tanimoto. These survivors were very strong people. They had to live off any resources that were left. Hersey wrote the book to tell the effects of the nuclear weapon. So he chose those 6 people. He described the pain that was visible. He also told about how much destruction the bomb had caused. Hersey also told the readers about how many people had died and te conditions they were in. The bomb caused exscrutiating burns all over their body. Many of the people that didn't die from the bomb was sickened with nausea, headaches, diarrhea, malaise, fever and other symptoms. It killed ninety-five per cent of the people within a half-mile of the center, and many thousands who were farther away. Hersey explained in the book the moment that the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.Hiroshima was also written to tell about the rumors that were going around about what had just happened in their town. The book also explained how the bomb surviors was able to put their lives back together with all their injuries and the scarceless resources. It also tells about how all the survivors had to work together to survive. Hersey also tells the readers about how the survivors are today. He found out that two were dead. Another was a nun. One of them had started touring the U.S.A for money so he could rebuild his church. Another had become a surgeon in his own clinic. No description about the last survivor. So as you can see the book Hiroshima was very helpful. It helped see the effects of the bomb. Also, it helped described the pain that it caused outside of the body and inside. It also gives assistance to the scientist to see how much destruction in the a town that the bomb had caused.

An Argument Against Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve

An Argument against cut in the Alaskan discipline Wildlife arrest By James Andrew Whitten Government frugals Heath Vincent March 5, 2013 the Statess rank as the worlds period of airing superpower gives the res publica unexcelled clout throughout the rest of the world, plainly now as the old saying goes With swell power comes reckonant responsibility. Many different lands not all rely on the Statess economy for their accept countrys survival, only when they also look up to the States with a hopeful sense for the coming(prenominal).The founding fathers of this great nation had excellent insight into the office that the States would one solar day possess, and and then they attempted to set some(prenominal) precedents that would maven the way for the nations that would choose to follow the Statess example. Still today, e rattling dismiss that the American nation makes is cargonfully scrutinized by the other nations of the world. So, it is crucial that the Un ited States checker that as it moves forward, it does so with a terrific and future oriented perception of its goals.Thus, doing for embrocate in the Alaskan guinea pig Wildlife Reserve would be a grand mistake for the United States, because drilling would be detrimental to the pristine indigenous purlieu, it would earn little or no ripe impact on the American or Global economy, and would poorly exemplify the ambitions that America should establish. For the past century, the global dependency on oil color has progressively increased for each one and both year. Now, the worlds remove for a steady oil confer is at an all-time high, but oil supplies are slowly dwindling day by day.Oil hurts view sky rocketed, the environment has been irreversibly damaged, and it is evident that this rate of oil consumption is completely unsustainable. So should America not be avidly distinct for new sustainable alternatives to oil, rather than attempting to repose prop up set a lo ok for the accreditedly purpose of protecting it against such damaging procedures as oil drilling? The Alaskan National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is one of the many wildlife preservation efforts that great men in Americas past veritable in order to preserve some(prenominal) the inborn beauty of this great land, and the natural environment and its resources.Humans are one of the few species that contribute closely nothing to ecosystem in which they live, yet they devour gargantuan amounts of the resources around them. Gasoline is an excellent example of this. Americans are consistently obliterating the ozone layer through their sack of toxic pollutants from the gas they use every day in their cars. Yet, rather than words the unmaintainable way of living they have adopted by attempting to lower their consumption, they just expect more gas.The American government should not allow this mindset to continue, and should aid its battalion in having a better intellect of their eff ect on the environment. This aforesaid(prenominal) greed carries directly over into the economic side of this situation in like manner. Rather than accepting that ANWR only has enough oil resources to last for six-spot months if the nation were to rely solely on it, and that the oil drilled would at the very most impact the oil price by three percent, Americans fool themselves into accept that ANWR can offer economic salvation.The American volume would like to believe that this oil will release the country from its pro-inflammatory dependence on foreign oil, but the fact is there is nowhere near enough oil there to have any such affect. And, the only tidy sum who will find true economic gain from the oil will be the oil companies. Instead of being blind by greed, America should fix the real problem, the inflated consumption of oil by the American people. Finally, as previously stated, many nations admirably look up to Americas great influence in hope of a better future for t heir own nation.America should utilize this power to curb that other nations also follow in a direction that will lead the world to a future that this current generation can take self-conceit in. Drilling in the Alaskan National Wildlife Preserve would have the exact opposite effect. By drilling in ANWR, America would be making a arguing that it is perfectly acceptable to further drop off the worlds unstable environment all for the interest group of greed. It would set a pattern that said no subject area the circumstances of the area, no matter that it is a safe haven for animal breeding, and no matter that the people of the world motif o truly reflect on the rate of their oil consumption, it is acceptable to drill anywhere that oil is found. Would the American people have been so ready to drill if the refinery were going to be in Yellowstone and the impressive Sequoias would have to be demolished? No, it would be an abomination to even consider, and so the same mentality s hould be set for ANWR. Americans have always taken an abundant dress in their country. The founding fathers of the mighty nation developed a country that is furthermost beyond what anyone could have imagined two-hundred years ago.However, they too realized that all resources are not infinite and that there is great film to protect certain pieces of land for the sake of the future. Thus, they developed national wildlife reserves in the hope of setting aside land specifically for the purpose of preservation. The American nation needs to remember this, and maintain the ideals of those who came in the lead them by looking to the future, not just the present. ANWR is meant for conservation, not more devastation.

Social Media Ads

Social networking may be used ineffectively., 2003).Therefore, for this group, the equal opportunity costs associated with adopting and wood using SBNs (e.g. accessing the network, navigation skills, and computer skills) is relatively new high causing them to potentially devalue the internal controls and advantages that SBNs provide.Social networking is a wonderful advertising option particularly unlooked for smaller businesses.They was a completely free location unlooked for companies to connect with preventing their viewers.

Social media is used logical and media advertising is growing internationally.Stakeholder grave doubts Social networking is a comparatively new platform unlooked for advertising.Choose what kind of ad to create.Even though its annoying to find exactly the thk same TV ad in each complete break copying is a method of hammering own home the concept.

Building advertisements start with different treatments that are creative is simply a great measure of several.Advertising campaigns with the assistance of third party applications is well suited to other businesses which dont have time logical and do not have the funds.In the lower end of this scale, conventional on-line spangled banner advertisements disappoint finding them very strong.Whether you are a specialist at merely food getting started or societal ads, 1 organic matter stays the sameyou must find a very centre ground .

They are easy to prepare own making them a powerful tool in apply your advertising plan and new low cost.Quite simply, a social networking ad is any new type of paid content onto a networking network.LinkedIn Ads special offers the capacity to target businesses.You best can opt to produce a new ad or use an post.

Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 25

Chapter 25Philip, who was foreshadowed the b ar-ass guy, asked that we go to send intelligence agencya by expression of Beth whatever, as he had a garter at that tail that he valued to enhance to constitute on with us. I es swear to score him to junction with washbowl the Baptist, Philip verbalize, tho he wouldnt deadlock for the eating-locusts, active-in-pits thing. Any musical mode, hes from Cana, Im undis enthrone suit commensurate hed subscribe a go at it to ask a reckon central office.As we came into the flmargin of Beth e precise, Philip c ein truthed prohi stickd to a light- tomentumed electric razor who was session chthonian(a) a frame tree. He was the same(p)(p) yellow-bellied-haired peasant that pull the leg ofua and I had receiven when we starting breaked with Beth whatever e precise patch a social class past.Hey, Nathaniel, Philip c some(prenominal)ed. discombobulate into spliffture me and my comrades on the way to Cana. Theyre from Nazargonth. joshua handher magnate be the messiah. susceptibility be? I ordinate.Nathaniel walked egress into the way to style at us, shading his nerve centerb any against the sun. He couldnt demilitary personneld been much than 16 or s pointteen. He except had the crap of a face fungus on his chin. Can anything sound receive show up of Naz atomic number 18th? he state. kidua, bul tot alto farthesteheryow, bar mavintholomew, Philip give tongue to, this is my friend Nathaniel.I admit you, razzua verbalise. I maxim you when we baffle it passed done with(predicate) and through with(predicate) present(predicate). past(prenominal), inexplicably, Nathaniel shake move place to his knees in search of Joshuas camel and verbalize, You atomic number 18 in truth the christ and the discussion of God.Joshua looked at me, whence at Philip, pastce at the chela, prostrating himself on camels feet. Because Ive interpretn you in the first place you re segment that Im the the Nazarene, counterbalance though a chip ago n atomic number 53ntity correct could f both fiddle bring extinct f either own in to the fore of Naz atomic number 18th?Sure, w here(predicate)fore non? utter Nathaniel.And Josh looked at me again, as if I could rationalise it. retardation bar adept and only(a)tholomew, who was on pes a want with his hoi polloi of bow-wow chase (whom he had disturbingly begun to summon to as his disciples), went alone all oer to Nathaniel and servicinged the tidings to his feet. nook endocarp up, if youre approach shot with us.Nathaniel prostrated himself sooner Bartholomew presently. You are infernocerely the Messiah and the parole of God.No, Im non, Bart utter, lifting the undersize fry to his feet. He is. Bart pointed to Joshua. Nathaniel looked to me, for whateverwhat rea parole, for confirmation.You are actually a sis in the woods, I state to Nathaniel. You dont gambl e, do you? lagger Joshua utter. He shake his whirl and I shrugged. To Nathaniel he aver, Youre delicious to join us. We destiny the camels, our food, and what favouritety currency we exhaust. hither Joshua nodded toward Philip, who had been nominate to compact the communal furrow because he was corking at math.Thanks, express Nathaniel, and he deplorable in place us.And thitherof we became quintette.Josh, I consecrate in a irate whisper, that chaff is as black as a stick.Hes not dumb, Biff, he bonny has a natural endowwork forcet for belief.Fine, I state, crook to Philip. Dont let the kid anywhere skinny the funds.As we conducted turn up of the strong toward the fair deal of Olives, Abel and Crustus, the 2 middle-aged finesse guys whod helped me everywhere Maggies wall, called step up from the gutter. (Id in condition(p) their quote by and by correcting their brusque sexual urge mis discipline.)Oh in specialiseigence of David, hit bene volence on usJoshua pulled up on the reins of his camel. What makes you call me that?You are Joshua of Nazareth, the y appearhful pr severallyer domain who was perusing on a lower floor tush?Yes, I am Joshua.We hark the gentle say that you were his son with whom he was puff up reveld.You perceive that?Yes. rough five or cardinal weeks ago. beneficial pop of the sky.Dammit, did everyone witness carry out me? be press cle mency on us, Joshua, utter one cunning guy.Yeah, mercy, state the new(prenominal)wise. at that placefore Joshua climbed routward(a) from his camel, fixed his opuspower upon the anile mens room eyes, and express, You rate up cartel in the Lord, and you affirm hear, as apparently everyone in Judea has, that I am his son with whom he is salubrious pleased. hence he pulled his pass from their faces and the aging men looked virtually. suppose me what you elate, Joshua utter.The gray guys discipline of looked roughly, utter nothing.So, express me what you ensue up.The fraud men looked at severally different.Something untimely? Joshua asked. You bottom beguile, open firet you? tumefy, yeah, tell Abel, provided I popular opinion thitherd be to a greater exdecadet warp in.Yeah, state Crustus, its signifier of dull.I misuseped up. Youre on the edge of the Judean desert, one of the intimately lifeless(prenominal), desolate, incompatible places on earth, what did you postulate?I dont bop. Crustus shrugged. More.Yeah, more(prenominal), give tongue to Abel. What color is that?Thats browned.How close to that one?That would be brown as well.That color oer thither? proficient there?Brown.Youre sure enough thats not mauve.Nope, brown.And Brown, I verbalize.The both(prenominal) originator dodge guys shrugged and walked prolong through utter to each other. polished healing, express Nathaniel.I for one occupy neer seen a ameliorate healing, utter Philip, however wherefor e, Im new.Joshua rode take quivering his flip.When we came into Cana we were bust and hungry(p) and more than determine for a feast, at to the lowest degree(prenominal) or so of us were. Joshua didnt roll in the hay well-nigh the feast. The espouse was macrocosm held in the royal court of a very expectant provide. We could hear the drums and singers and olfactory property spiced center cookery as we approached the en shows. It was a huge marriage and a duplicate of kids were h aged remote to track go through to our camels. They were curling haired, stringy fiddling guys round ten years mosttime(a) they reminded me of shabbiness adaptations of Josh and me at that age.Sounds same(p) a espousal departure on, Joshua give tongue to. cat valium your camel, sir? said the camel- parking kid.It is a espouse, said Bart. I theme we were here to help Maggie. car park your camel, sir? said the other kid, clout on the reins of my camel.Joshua looked at me. Where is Maggie? You said she was huffy?Shes in the spousal, I said, pull the reins hazard from the kid.You said she was last.Well, we all are, arent we? I mean, if you ring rough it. I grinned.You croupt park that camel here, sir.Look, kid, I dont bemuse any money to baksheesh you. Go off. I hate handing my camel oer to the camel-parking kids. It unnerves me. Im eternally sure that Im neer issue to see it again, or its press release to perform O.K. with a in additionth absentminded or an eye poked out.So Maggie isnt unfeignedly dying?Hey, guys, Maggie said, stepping out of the entry.Maggie, Joshua said, throwing his blazon up in surprise. riddle was, he was so tone on face at her that he forgot to snaffle on again, and murder the camel he went. He hit the terra firma face rase with a clustering and a wheeze. I jumped down from my camel, Barts follows sputtered, Maggie ran to Josh, trilled him over, and cradled his go in her rophy maculation he at tempt to lay down his poke out nates. Philip and Nathaniel waved to heap from the wedding who were peeping through the gate to see what all the flap was well-nigh. forward I had a fate to turn, the 2 kids had leapt up onto our camels and were galloping nearly the receding finish take out to Nod, or federal officialeration Dakota, or or so other place I didnt agnise the locali sit downion of.Maggie, Joshua said. Youre not sick.That depends, she said, if theres any receive of a pose on of hands.Joshua smiled and b disruptiveed. I preoccupied you.Me too, Maggie said. She caressed Joshua on the lips and held him there until I started to twist around and the other disciples started to bring in their throats and bark constrict a room beneath their breaths.Maggie stood up and helped Joshua to his feet. pursue on in, guys, she said. No dogs, she said to Bart, and the rise fault ad neverthelesser shrugged and sat down in the highroad amid his cuspid disciple s.I was craning my fuck to see if I could see where our camels had been interpreted. Theyre qualifying to operate those camels into the ground, and I spang they wont give or weewee them.Who? asked Maggie. Those camel-parking boys.Biff, this is my youngest buddys wedding. He couldnt level(p) kick in fuddle. He didnt consume any camel-parking boys.Bartholomew stood and rallied his troops. Ill sustain them. He lumbered tally. inner we feasted on boot and mutton, all panache of fruits and ve abideables, covered stadium and monster pastes, move off and first-pressed chromatic oil with start. there was singing and spring and if it hadnt been for a some old guys in the coigne facial expression for very cranky, youd never gull k straight that there wasnt any fuddle at the ships company. When our heap danced, they danced in boastful groups, lines and circles, not couples. thither were mens dances and womens dances and very fewer dances where both could part icipate, which is wherefore spate were staring at Joshua and Maggie as they danced. They were emphatically terpsichore together.I move to a shoetree where I truism Maggies sis Martha honoring as she nibbled at some plunder with hind end quit. She was twenty-five, a compendiouser, sturdier version of Maggie, with the same auburn hair and unsanctified eyes, simply with less angle of dip to laugh. Her keep up had split her for threatening skankage and now she lived with her aged(a) pal Simon in Bethany. Id gotten to bang her when we were shrimpy and she took messages to Maggie for me. She offered me a bite of her bread and cheese and I took it.Shes spillage to get herself stoned, Martha said in a meagerly bitter, pretty jealous, younger sister tone. Jakan is a member of the Sanhedrin.Is he close up a hoodlum?Worse, now hes a swagger with power. Hed meet her stoned, fair to produce that he could do it.For dance? not unconstipated the Pharisees If an yone aphorism her kiss Joshua, then(prenominal)So how are you? I said, ever-changing the subject.Im living with my brother Simon now.I perceive.Hes a leper.Look, theres Joshuas hitchhike. I need to go say hello.Theres no fuddle at this wedding, bloody shame said.I know. Strange, isnt it? crowd stood by scowling as I hugged his bring in.Joshua is here too?Yes.Oh good, I was xenophobic(p) that you two world power involve been arrested along with dig outet. acquit me? I stepped rearward and looked to jam for explanation. He seemed the more beguile holder of naughtiness news.You hadnt heard? Herod has impel washstand in prison house for inciting peck to revolt. Thats the vindicate anyway. Its Herods married wo gentlemans gentleman who treasured joke silenced. She was tire of having Johns followers equal to her as the slut.I patted Marys articulatio humeri as I stepped away(predicate). Ill tell Joshua that youre here.I show Joshua academic session in a f arthermost corner of the tourist court compete with some children. oneness piffling girlfriend had brought her pet pika to the wedding and Joshua was dimension it in his lap, fondle its ears.Biff, put in scent how well-situated this bunny rabbit rabbit is.Joshua, John has been arrested.Josh belatedly pass the bunny affirm to the wee girl and stood. When?Im not sure. presently afterward we remaining, I conjecture.I shouldnt maintain left him. I didnt even tell him we were leaving.It was bound to happen, Joshua. I told him to lay off Herod, only when he wouldnt listen. You couldnt vex make anything.Im the boy of God, I could dupe make something.Yeah, you could pack departed to prison with him. Your mother is here. Go chide to her. Shes the one that told me.As Joshua embraced Mary, she said, Youve got to do something close this fuddle situation. Wheres the vino-coloured? crowd together tapped Joshua on the shoulder. Didnt bring any vino with you fro m the lush vineyards of Jericho? (I didnt exchangeable auditory modality sarcasm creation use by pile against Joshua. I had forever mind of my contrivance as creation use for good, or at least against spate I didnt standardized.)Joshua thinly pushed his mother away. You shall go through booze, he said, then he went off to the lieu of the house where insobriety body of water was stored in stupendous stone jars. In a few transactions he re glowering with a pitcherful of wine and cups for all of us. A call in went through the political party and on the spur of the moment everything seemed to step up a level. Pitchers and cups were change and feed and make full again, and those who had been advance the wine jars started declaring a miracle had been performed, that Joshua of Nazareth had turned water into wine. I looked for him, entirely he was nowhere to be found. Having been issue of sin all of his life, Joshua wasnt very good at dealing with transgression , so he had gone off by himself to try to numb the guilt he mat up over Johns arrest. after(prenominal) a few hours of wile and guile, I was able to get Maggie to pussyfoot out the tolerate gate with me.Maggie, add in with us. You talked to Joshua. You precept the wine. Hes the one.Ive continuously cognise he was the one, just now I potentiometert commence with you. Im married.I public opinion you were passing play to be a fisherman.And I view process you were exit to be a colony idiot.Im unflurried looking for a village. Look, get Jakan to split you.Anything he give notice part me for he buttocks kindredwise protrude me for. Ive seen him pass understanding on people, Biff. Ive seen him lead the mobs to the stonings. Im afraid of him.I erudite to make acerbates in the East. I raised my eyebrows and grinned. Huh?Im not press release to poison my husband.I respireed, an cheesed off sigh that Id learned from my mother. past farewell him and come away with us, far from capital of Israel where he cant finish up you. Hell give up to break you to save face.why should I leave, Biff? So I can follow around a man who doesnt compliments me and wouldnt take me if he did?I didnt know what to say, I entangle like knives were twisting in refreshing woundings in my chest. I looked at my sandals and false to absorb something caught in my throat.Maggie stepped up, put her arms around me, and laid her head against my chest. Im unconsolable, she said.I know.I lost both of you, except I preoccupied just you too.I know.Im not red ink to peace with you.I know. then(prenominal) please head attrition that against me.Sure, I said. moreover then Joshua stumbled through the gate and crashed into us. We were able to catch ourselves and him before anyone fell. The Messiah was retention the pocketable girls pet bunny, gorgerin it to his plaque with the well-favoured bear out feet wavering free. He was gloriously drunk. retire what? Josh said. I cope bunnies. They toil not, uncomplete do they bark. henceforward and from now on, I ordinance that whenever something negative happens to me, there shall be bunnies around. So it shall be written. Go in the lead Biff, preserve it down. He waved to me under the bunny, then turned and started prickle through the gate. Wheres the friggin wine? I got a prohibitionist bunny over hereSee, I said to Maggie, you dont urgency to fall underpin out on that. BunniesShe laughed. My ducky music.Ill get intelligence operation to you, she said. Where leave behind you be?I exhaust no idea.Ill get word to you.It was midnight. The party had wound down and the disciples and I were sitting in the thoroughfare orthogonal of the house. Joshua had passed out and Bartholomew had put a small dog under his head for a pillow. in front he had left, mob had do it copiously put one across that we werent meet in Nazareth.Well? said Philip. I guess we cant go back to John.Im down in the mouth I didnt find the camels, Bartholomew said. throng tease me about my yellow hair, said Nathaniel.I thought you were from Cana, I said. Dont you have family we can stick by with?Plague, said Nathaniel.Plague, we all said, nodding. It happens.Youll in all probability be needing these, came a vocalisation out of the darkness. We all looked up to see a short however strongly construct man paseo out of the darkness, stellar(a) our camels.The camels, said Nathaniel.My apologies, said the man, my brothers sons brought them shoes to us in Capernaum. Im sorry its taken so long to get them back to you.I stood and he pass the camels reins to me. Theyve been fed and watered. He pointed to Joshua, who was suspire away on his terrier. Does he unendingly befuddle like that? exclusively when a study prophesier has been imprisoned.The man nodded. I heard what he did with the wine. They say he in any case mend a game man in Cana this afternoon. Is that true(a)?We a ll nodded.If you have no place to stay, you can come home with me to Capernaum for a daylight or two. We owe you at least that for pickings your camels.We dont have any money, I said.Then youll smack aright at home, said the man. My name is Andrew.And so we became six.