The Power of Persuasion in Advertisements Essay - 1220 Words

The viewer sits on the couch, nestled inside a cozy, warm blanket with a large bowl of buttery and salty popcorn on his lap. His heart starts racing as the movie reaches its climax. Just as his lungs stop breathing and his eyes grow wide with fascination, the channel changes to an old advertisement that he’s seen a thousand times. Ads like that one appeal to the three main techniques that have subliminal messages to viewers. These different techniques have proven to be effective with television watchers. Advertisers use these three techniques to target a certain audience. Demographics play a large role in aiding businesses with the adequate information to convince the viewers. The main demographics include gender, age, culture, race, and†¦show more content†¦The advertisements generally deal with breakfast foods, toys, clothing, and cars. The targeted age range covers a wide spread. Depending on the type of channel, the advertisements will vary and target a certain age group. â€Å"Transforming a brand into a socially responsible leader doesnt happen overnight by simply writing new marketing and advertising strategies. It takes effort to identify a vision that your customers will find credible and aligned with their values† (Mainwaring). For example, the â€Å"Leo Messi on the road to the 2014 FIFA World Cupâ„ ¢ - Fast† commercial advertises a pair of Adidas soccer cleats. Furthermore, the ad is trying to persuade young athletes to buy this product. The appeal is to ethos because the ad relies on the credibility of a professional athlete. The next ad in this time slot is from Old Spice, â€Å"The Man Your Man Could Smell Like.† This is in the demographic category of gender as it appeals to both men and women. Men will be great if they wear the product. Also, women should buy the product so their man will smell great. The next time slot is the ten a.m. to four p.m. window. The ads aired during this time generally aim to reach the older generation and have to do with aging. Another target is children when they arrive home from school. A commercial that depicts how advertisers target the elder age group is from Coca-Cola, â€Å"Older Couple Turn into Adorable Kids.† The appeal is ethos; older people will feel and appear younger after theyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Techniques Used in Rolex Advertisements Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States. Rolex Company makes several advertisements on their products. One of the advertisements, they used a famous person and strong persuasion techniques which consist of ethos, pathos and logos to convince the audience who wants to be successful to buy their products. This advertisement has been watched throughout the states and persuaded many people to fall in to it. What makes this advertisement special is that it carries different kinds of persuasion techniques. When the creator post theRead MoreWhat Is Advertising?1110 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisement is defined as an act of advertising. It is a medium chosen by business sphere in order to introduce their products or services to the public. For instance, poster, radio advertisement, television advertisement, notices, and other paid advertisement are designed to attract the consumers. Advertisement more concern on images and graphics instead of words. While, advertising is defined as non personal communication of information usually paid for attract the buyers. Advertising is essentiallyRead MoreAdvertising : The Magic System786 Words   |  4 Pagesnature of advertisement has changed from a system to attract â€Å"specific attention† (similar to modern day classifieds) to a system that broadcasts â€Å"commercial information and persuasion† (p. 170, 184) 2. This change in advertising methodology is paralleled to changes in social and economic structures (p. 170, 177-178) 3. Through capitalism, the minority will increasing get involved in cultivating culture and values of the masses through advertisements (p. 184, 187-188). 4. Advertisement is the artRead MoreYou Cannot Trust Fast Food Companies679 Words   |  3 PagesWe have all seen those advertisements that show glorious looking hamburgers that look like are simply exploding with tasty goodness, but how many times has our food actually looked like the advertisement? In my experience, that number would be zero. These advertisements are meant to trick our minds into thinking fast food is much better than it is in reality. Although, this argument could be made about just about any company in this age of brand personification, but just because other companiesRead MoreASPCA ASPCA Uses Aristotles Power of Persuasion Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesASPCA and the Power of Persuasion Advertisers all have one goal in common, that is an ad that is catching to a consumer’s attention. In today’s fast paced society there are so many selling products and charities. As I exam the advertisement for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty for Animals (ASPCA), I will show how they use the pathos, ethos, and logos – also known as Aristotle’s Theory of Persuasion. Pathos is an emotional appeal in which the advertisers hope that the consumersRead MoreMedia Influences On Children s Life1742 Words   |  7 Pagesnot provide the necessary information about the health risks associated with its meals that they eat. Placing the blame into the fast food industry for allegedly contributing to their obesity and health problems. The media through many types of advertisement promotes unhealthy foods, high in saturated fat, large amounts of fructose sugars, salt, as the ideal food options. Many may agree that it was their own wrongdoing that contributed to their obesity, but what about if people would give the teenagersRead MoreEffects Of Advertising Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pageswhere we contribute to the prominence of advertising; however, the effects upon us are unknown. Advertising can be seen in the majority of the world, it has gotten to the point in which people become almost completely oblivious to them. People see advertisement in stores, in b illboards, television, and even their homes. It has come to the point where people believe they are not affected by these ads but that is not the case. Advertising has various effects on the world such as educating society, persuadingRead MoreUse of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos for Rhetorical Appeal in Advertising1020 Words   |  4 Pagescertain manner, or the purchase particular products. Unlike speech in which an individual relies on their persona and content of speech to get their point across to an audience or consumer, advertisements use images to enhance the impact and appeal of logos, ethos, and pathos. One of the most influential advertisements that is frequently shown on television that use these three appeals is the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) commercials that urge viewers to help the organizationsRead MoreSelling Happiness : The Illusion Of Persuasion1715 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness: The Illusion of Persuasion in Advertising In today s society, it is nearly impossible to go anywhere without the potential of seeing advertisements. â€Å"It is is the corners of elevators, as you play golf, and there are ads in the bottom of the cups. We see it as we look to the sky and see skywriting, or as a bus passes by, and there is an ad scrawled across the side. Advertising is everywhere and suffocating us† (Goodman, 2004). Despite the bombardment of advertisements we face on a daily basisRead MoreEthos And Its Effect On Society1129 Words   |  5 Pagesappeal to character. It is one of Aristotle’s three ingredients of persuasion known as logos, the appeal to logic, pathos, the appeal to emotion, and ethos, arguably the most important and persuasive part of an argument. Ethos is the strongest and most effective method of persuasion that establishes likability and credibility which creates a trustworthy bond and hooks the crowd into listening. It is used constantly in advertisement and everyday life, so much so that people don’t notice it. For example

Essay on Hierarchy of Language in Jane Austens Emma

Jane Austen writes social novels. Her societies are microcosms of relative stability in a rapidly changing world. Within these restricted realms, class structure is rigid; however, members of this society participate in one common activity: discourse. Due to the vagaries and incompetencies among the characters, not all conversations in Emma conform to the ideals of communication, and in fact, contribute to the promulgation of the central conflict. Henry Fielding proposed in his Miscellanies, that conversation should resemble that reciprocal Interchange of ideas, by which Truth is examined, and all our Knowledge communicated to each other [and which] contributes to the moral improvement of society but presupposes, under ideal†¦show more content†¦Man is a social animal who in the modern world of the [nineteenth century, has] his physical and economic security...necessarily bound up with that of other members of his society (Warren 82) thereby rendering civilization dependent on the proper functioning of communication. For many persons, a half an hours uninterrupted communication of all those little matters on which the daily happiness of private life depends (138) may be the only available and allowable means of entertainment; both knowledge and pleasure are communicated through conversation. In the insulated village of Highbury, daily communications comprise the majority of provincial activity. Because conversation is so basic to daily functions, it takes myriad forms. Discourse can be a harmless exchange of ideas or events, a communication of truth, idle gossip, or willful deceit. It is in the form of deceit that language can become deleterious and threaten the society it serves to engender. Falsification upsets the careful social balance (Smith 59) by contaminating the relationship between speaker and audience. A speech act, according to the rules of pragmatics, should convey truth. When what is spoken is falsified or misinterpreted, communication is ineffectual. In Emma, it is the prevalence of falsity and misunderstanding that causes confusion among the characters. The social relationships inShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Clueless 1280 Words   |  6 Pagesfilm ‘Clueless’ enhances our understanding of the transformation derived from Jane Austen’s ‘Emma’ and communicates the issues of rigid social status and confined attitudes to women despite contextual realignments. By adapting the genteel society of Highbury to the superficial microcosm of Beverley Hills, we gain an understanding of the restricted values placed on social status and the objectivity of women. Both Austen’s and Heckerling’s satirical reflections on Regency England and postmodern AmericaRead More Societal Authority in Jane Austens Emma Essay2054 Words   |  9 Pagesthan in Jane Austen’s Emma. In Emma, Austen uses narrative style, characterization, and the plot device of word games to illustrate the ever-present power of hierarchical control. Emmas plot seemingly hovers around the superficial theme of strategic matchmaking. But while this is an important aspect of Emma, it serves primarily as a catalyst to illustrate the much bigger idea of societal authority present in the novel. Word games play a huge role in the plot development of Emma. . . . Emma is itselfRead MoreLizzy or Emma - A Critique of Jane Austens Heroines Essay2237 Words   |  9 Pages42 years Jane Austen’s (1775- 1817) view of the world was genial and kindly. She had a clear sighted vision of the world where she amused herself with other’s foibles and self - deception, gave love to those who deserve to be loved and most certainly gave a light hearted satirical view of the society. Marilyn Butler in her book Jane Austen writes that, â€Å"Jane had the happiness of temper that never required to be commanded. Cassandra, who knew her best, received letters in which Jane sounded dissatisfiedRead MoreClueless a Transformation of Emma4584 Words   |  19 PagesHow does the composer of Clueless use film techniques to transform the social, historical and environmental context of Jane Austen’s Emma to the modern context of Clueless? Amy Heckerling’s Clueless involves a storyline, which closely follows the text of Jane Austen’s novel Emma. However, there are some key points of difference in the transformation that has taken place. This is due to the individual context of the nineteenth century prose text and that of the modern appropriated film text. TheRead More Patriarchy in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesPatriarchy in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Despite the fact that Jane Austen has become what Julian North describes as a â€Å"conservative icon in popular culture† signified by her depictions of â€Å"traditional class and gender hierarchies, sexual propriety and Christian values,† the novel _Sense and Sensibility_ provides, if not a feminist perspective, a feminist discourse lacking in Emma Thompson’s film version (North 38). In this essay, I attempt to argue briefly that the novel, which initiallyRead MoreJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 Pages2.3 The Gothic Romance. 13 3. Jane Austen and Her Novels in relation to the Contemporary Literature. 15 3.1. Austen’s Criticism about the Contemporary Fiction. 15 3.2. Jane Austen as a Conservative Writer and as a Social Critic. 16 3.3. Austen’s writing in her own perception. 17 4. Pride and Prejudice. 20 4.1. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy – the Reversed Ideals. 20 22 5. Emma 23 5.1. Emma the heroine. 23 5.2. Men of sense and silly wives 26 5.3. Emma as the unusual learning. 28 Conclusions

Management for Financial and Human Resource - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement for Financial and Human Resource. Answer: Management refers to the administration in an organization that might include either a business, government body or a nonprofit organization (Zuberbier et.al 2016). Thus, management involves the setting of strategy for an organization and at the same time coordinating the employee efforts for accomplishing the objectives with available resources like technological, natural, financial and human resource. The theories of management studies that help in managing an organization are as follows: Classical Theory: The Classical Theory is a well-organized theory of management that helps an organization in planning, staffing, organizing, directing, co-coordinating, reporting and budgeting. The theory also allows choosing between hierarchical or linear bureaucracy and in proper time management and division of labor. Humanistic Theory: The Humanistic Theory of management portrays the need for motivating the employees from time to time for achieving the target within the measured time. However, the motivation factor can come in the form of increment as well as rewards. According to this theory, employees possess maximum power and their motivation plays an important role in reducing their stress. Contingency Theory: The Contingency Theory of management claims that there exists no best theory for organizing management. This theory focuses on the size of an organization and its using, the use of technology and the ambience in which it operates. Fayols theory of management represents a simple model of interaction between the management and the personnel. This theory covers concept in a broader manner so that any business can apply this theory of management (Fayol 2016). According to Fayol theory, five functions of management are crucial to contemporary organization that includes planning, organizing, coordinating and commanding. However, according to the Minztberg theory of management, the managers task is broken down into three areas that include interpersonal, information processing and decision making. The various roles of the manager including a leader, spokesperson and resource allocator is fitted into one of the areas of activity mentioned (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). This theory helps a contemporary organization in mapping their structure and work and at the same time understands the role of the manager. The Katz theory of management puts forward three areas of determination and managerial skills that includes the technical skill, human skill and conceptual skill. According to the theory, they are the key skills necessary for leadership (Northouse, 2015). In this regard, technical skills considered in relation to field, human skills represents communication with the people and conceptual skills focused on setting vision. The similarities between Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz theory of management are as follows: They all focus on the leadership functions of the management with the help of a top down approach. The discussed theory also believes in the categorization and division of labor (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Further, the theories also believe that planning is the initial step of the management process. The differences between Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz theory of management are as follows: The Fayol theory of management specifically focuses on the managers job unlike Mintzberg that focuses on the nature of the managerial task and Katz that represents areas of focus for undertaking the managerial task. The managers must possess the following competencies for effective communication: The managers while communicating must take care of the gestures and facial expression of the employees Managers must maintain honesty They must also speak out what is relevant The focus of the managers is important for effective communication The confidence of the managers is also important for ensuring effective communication Setting the tone and pitch of the speech is also necessary for effective communication. Impartiality is also a quality requirement of a manager for effective communication. The managers must also know the right time for communication. Managerial communication can be of four types like the interpersonal communication, non-verbal communication, written and oral communication. The interpersonal communication is mostly face-to-face whereas the non-verbal communication is through facial expression, gestures, body language and other physical parts (Dasgupta, Suarand and Singh 2012.). Written communication refers to transmission of messages through writing whereas oral implies communication via mouth. For interpersonal communication, the managers must speak what is relevant and for non-verbal communication, the managers must be able to understand the gestures and expressions of the employees. In written communication, the managers must maintain the tone and pitch of the speech. However, for oral communication; the manager must choose the right time to communicate with the employees. A company may have a diverse culture and the managers must ensure the contributions of the diverse workforce under the cultural differences and the language (Drnyei 2014). Therefore, the foundations of effective communication in a diverse workplace are as follows: By learning how the diverse workforce receives communication in the best possible manner: This is important as different culture have different ways of receiving communication. Training international employees with early and ongoing training processes: Cultural confusion and misunderstanding in a diverse culture avoided with ongoing and early training of the employees. Practicing open door communication with care: Careful practice of open door communication will enable employees to bridge the communication gap in a diverse workforce. Slangs and Jargons avoided in the best possible manner: Using jargons and slangs might put across a wrong message in a diverse work culture. Managers must stick to the rules of corporate communication: The managers must not only stick to rules but also ensure that people from all ethnicities and culture can participate in fulfilling the goals and mission of the company. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) defined by business approach that helps in contributing to the sustainable development through delivery of economic, environmental and social benefits of the stakeholders. The firms perspective on the theory of CSR has several implications strategically. Corporate social responsibility is an integral element in defining the business of the firm and differentiation strategies at the corporate level (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). Thus, the implication of CSR is more like a strategic investment for a firm. There are three organizational stances of CSR like reputation, relationship and responsive attitude that ensure includes reputation, relationship and responsive rectitude. The examples of companies in effectively undertaking corporate social responsibility in reaching the ladder of success are Starbucks, Disney and Microsoft (Michelon, Boesso and Kumar 2013). Starbucks ranked fifth as a socially responsible company since the company is always in search of better means in developing sustainable means for producing coffee. On the other hand, Disney has centered its focus on community, volunteerism and community that are some of the areas of social responsibility. Microsoft is the leader focusing on stances of corporate social responsibility through an annual campaign of employee giving. The three key views of ethical behavior include individualism view, utilitarian view and the justice view. The goals of the ethical behavior are to guide an organization in the policies, decisions and programs for business. The goals for ethical behavior in an organization are as follows: Enables treating everyone equally Securing meaningful employment Succeeding in the Business goals Lessening Stress However, the factor that contributes to the ethical and unethical in an organization includes the individual factors like knowledge, personal goals, personality and morals and certain social factors like the cultural norms, internet, friends and family. The key components of leadership are as follows: Integrity and honesty: Great leaders helps in creating an organizational culture based on honesty and integrity Possession of outstanding self awareness: A leader must be aware of his own strength and weakness Positive vision: An outstanding leader has a positive outlook and does not solely focus on any specific initiatives or task. Excellent communication skills: Great leaders possess outstanding communication skills that makes them persuasive and inspirational Team builder capability: A great leader also has unique capacity for team building. The five practices of exemplary leadership are as follows: Exemplary Leaders makes their way by earning respect Exemplary Leaders inspire a shared vision They also challenge the process They allow others to act Exemplary Leaders initiate means that encourages the heart Thus, the key components of leadership align with the five practices of exemplary leadership. The Heroic leadership helps in assuming that the teammates are performing great job. This assumption will change will help in change the way one acts towards their teammates. Therefore, this ensures in influencing the behavior of the team as good or bad (Allison and Goethals 2013). On the other hand, the according to the engaging leadership , a leader is defined to be someone who enables and encourages the organizational development characterized by a culture that is based on transparency, openness, integrity and valuing of others in a genuine manner. This helps in the well being and development of concern for others the ability of uniting different stakeholder group in the articulation of a joint venture and delegating in a manner that develops and empowers potential that is coupled with questioning and as well as strategic and critical thinking. Thus, this kind of leadership theories put forwards an open minded approach that helps organization to cope with change but also remain pr oactive in shaping the future. The Mintzberg managerial style ensures: A figurehead A leader A liaison A monitor A disseminator A Spokesperson An entrepreneur A disturbance handler A resource allocator A negotiator The managers must possess the follo Strategic managementrefers to the constant monitoring, planning, analysis and assessment of everything that is required for meeting the objectives and goals of an organization. The characteristics of strategic management are as follows: It deals with uncertainty since focus on non routine situations that are future oriented. It helps in dealing with complex situations Ensures having an implication that is organization wide Helps in improving the performance of the company on a long term basis Helps in dealing with long term implications The three approaches of Strategic management include: Internally driven organization: Organizations concerned with their past achievements are driven internally and their thinking is inside out. Consumer driven organization: Organizations who tries to be close and listen to the customers are usually customer driven. Market driven organization: Organizations making conscious choice regarding their choice of market they are planning to serve and add value are usually market driven. The three view of managing strategy are as follows: Research based view: This helps in providing an explanation on competitive heterogeneity that is based on the idea that close competitors differs in capabilities and resources in durable and important manner (Nilson 2016). Market based view: This perspective of strategic management stresses on factors like the market in which it is planning to compete Organization/Industrial based view: This perspective of strategic management is a focus on the role of organization in choosing the organization in which they want to operate. Organizational domain represents the customers, goods and services of an organization. Managers should have an idea of the organizational domain since it will help them in determining the strategies in achieving the objectives and goals of the organization. The specific factors of subjective framework in analysis of an organization are as follows: Involves Strategy. The complexity and size of organization. Influence of technology. Influence of environmental turbulence. Attitude of top management Attitudes of personnel. The above mentioned factors help the managers in ensuring optimal and efficient decision making. The managers are also able to understand the economic factors responsible for maximizing profit. Further, the factors also enables the managers assess the emerging alternative of new technology. However, subjective framework is adopted for industrial analysis where the process involves review of work environment, overall development, personnel and operation of a business. The limitations of the ignorance factor of the objective framework include: Provides no alternative offer or solutions Helps in the generation of too many ideas without mentioning which one to be the best Does not help in prioritizing issues Provides a lot of information but everything might not be correct. Organizational analysis helps in assessing the current well being and capacity of an organization and thereby deciding a course of action for improving the long term sustainability of an organization (Powell and DiMaggio 2012). There may be requirements for restructuring when there are problems created by either internal or external forces that have either led to a problem or opportunity for improving the affectivity and efficiency. Thus, a periodic analysis will enable the management in identifying the inefficiencies and problems that already exist or are yet to be addressed and thereby develop necessary strategies in resolving them. Therefore, analysis of the subjective framework is an organization is not easy. The managers however finds it easier in analyzing the objectives since it helps them to identify the problems and sort out existing inefficiencies of an organization and henceforth resolve them. Innovation Management(IM) framework for an organization refers to more than just planning for services , new products, brand extensions or technology inventions and focusing more on imagining, competition and mobilizing in newer manner. Organization needs innovation for the management framework for the following reasons: Improving efficiency Ensures guaranteed success on a long-term basis Increases the success of the market success Ensures decrease in cost Reduction in time for processing Initiates the process of innovation Helps in reducing the risk for becoming obsolete in presence of competitors Ensures improvement in chances of survival for better solutions spawned from new technologies The three components of innovation management framework are clear direction, encouragement and resourcing. Moreover, the framework needs to be protected under situations of conflicting messages. The similarities and differences between idea management, market management and portfolio management are as follows: Idea management refers to the ability of capturing insights or feedback from external and internal stakeholders with the purpose to add the feedback in the release of the future products. Marketing management is an organizational discipline that focuses on practically applying the marketing orientation, methods and techniques inside organizations and enterprises as well as on managing the activities and marketing resources of a firm. However, Portfolio management defined by the science and the art of making decisions regarding the investment mix and policies, matching the investments to the objectives, allocation of asset for institutions and individuals thereby keeping a balancing between the risk and performance. Organizing is an important managerial function in a global society because it enables us with the following: Ensures the Benefit of Specialization: Under organizing, the activities gets divided into various jobs or work and competent people gain expertise in doing the particular job that enables maximum work in minimum time span thereby benefiting the organization. Brings Clarity in Working Relationships: The working relation amongst the employees reaches a clarified through organizing. This also helps in specifying who is to report and to whom. Thus, organizing helps in effective communication and accountability. Optimum Utilization of Resources: The organizing process helps in smaller task division. This discards the option of side tracked or has a fear of duplication that results in optimum utilization of resources in an organization. Enables Adapting to Change: The process of organizing enables an organization in adapting to the change related to the post of employees Ensures Effective Administration: Through the process of organizing, the authority as well as the activity of the manager mentioned clearly Ensures Developing Personnel: Under this process of management, delegation of the authority practiced that helps in discovering better techniques for work Enables Expansion and Growth: This process of management also provides the employee with the freedom for taking decisions that in a way help them to grow However, for instance, the activities in a production department divided amongst a number of workshops in which the actual production will take place. Besides, there might be separate sections created for production related activities like repairs and quality control. Similarly, the activities of other departments can also be sub-divided. Thus, the activities of division and subdivision continue until there is creation of individual positions for performing all kinds of work in the organization. Network production is refers to a concept that refers to nexus of interconnected transactions, operations and functions with the help of which a particular product is distributed, produced and consumed. The key characteristics of Network Production are as follows: Ensuring agility: For instance infrastructure agility must match the agility of the business given the fact that the underlying infrastructure remains responsible for the concerned application Ensuring Scalability: In this context, if the traditional leaf and spine network is concerned will thereby scale only to the capacity of the spine since further scaling might involve re-cabling and re-architecture that might be a costly. Ensuring Integration: In this regard, however, the infrastructure should work in orchestration for delivering application experience. Ensuring Resiliency: The distributed systems works only under a reliable interconnect. Therefore, the network must not only be resilient but also fault tolerant. Ensuring Security: However, with data remaining at the centre of network and with increasing number of organizations closely paying attention to the trends in the big data, security remains an important factor not only for the infrastructure but also for applications and data. References: Allison, S.T. and Goethals, G.R., 2013.Heroic leadership: An influence taxonomy of 100 exceptional individuals. Routledge. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Dasgupta, S.A., Suar, D. and Singh, S., 2012. Impact of managerial communication styles on employees attitudes and behaviours.Employee Relations,35(2), pp.173-199. Drnyei, Z., 2014.The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Routledge. Fayol, H. (2016).General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Michelon, G., Boesso, G. and Kumar, K., 2013. Examining the link between strategic corporate social responsibility and company performance: an analysis of the best corporate citizens.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(2), pp.81-94. Nilson, L.B., 2016.Teaching at its best: A research-based resource for college instructors. John Wiley Sons. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Powell, W.W. and DiMaggio, P.J. eds., 2012.The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. University of Chicago Press. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Zuberbier, T., Aberer, W., Asero, R., Bindslev?Jensen, C., Brzoza, Z., Canonica, G.W., Church, M.K., Ensina, L.F., Gimnez?Arnau, A., Godse, K. and Gonalo, M., 2014. The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update.Allergy,69(7), pp.868-887.

The Eyes of Poverty free essay sample

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Early Cinema Essay Example

Early Cinema Essay Cinema represents a unique institution for examining technological development.   Unlike many other modern technologies, cinema achieved its standardized form in an extraordinarily brief period of time.   The Hollywood classical style was not established in cinema’s first 20 years, but continues as the dominant film style even today.   Moreover, cinema has routinely assimilated competing technologies like sound or digital images with almost no long-term change to its formal style. An understanding of the historical moment of cinema is needed for cinematic technologies.   As mentioned earlier, cinema was standardized in an astonishingly brief time period unlike many modern media technologies.   Take, for example, that foundation for narrative cinema was technically and stylistically established by 1908 and it was only in 1895 that cinema is â€Å"invented†.   Moreover, cinema has successfully assimilated a nearly endless stream of mechanical, optical, chemical, and electronic technologies — often in short time periods and with only temporary disruptions to film style.   A better historical understanding of the evolution of cinema may prove informative for other media technologies since cinema paved the way for later technologies such as television, video, computer interfaces, and video games with a formal visual style. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Cinema specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Early Cinema specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Early Cinema specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to film Noà «l Burch, early cinema is â€Å"polycentric†[1]. Specifically, Burch refers to the earliest films’ uncentered, panoramic frames, but â€Å"polycentrism† also proves an apt metaphor for early cinema in general.   Far from a single definable genre, early cinema represents several geographically diverse and competing systems simultaneously experimenting with film form.   Of course, this diversity makes defining (however generally) early cinema challenging.   A stylistic innovation — a dissolve, for instance — might represent very different trends depending on the specific film’s nationality and year (or even month) of production.   To complicate matters further, only a small percentage of early cinema survives today.   Thus, it is more imperative to study film history in a non-linear fashion.   Cinema proceeds in a direction neither exclusively teleological nor evolutionary.   Instead, â€Å"progress† in one direction accompanies regression in another.   Some technical and formal traits appear early in film history only to disappear and then return years or even decades later.   To show this non-linear history, this paper focuses on early cinema’s development.   However, rather than exhaustively document cinema’s invention which is a nearly impossible task, this paper stresses early cinema’s extraordinary diversity. Eadweard Muybridge, a respected British still photographer working in the United States, first experimented with serial photography in Palo Alto, California during 1871.   Like his contemporary, Etienne-Jules Marey, Muybridge had as his goal the analysis of individual locomotion.   Yet, the two men took significantly different approaches.   While Marey concentrated on a single camera/multiple exposure device, Muybridge used a series of cameras to capture distinct, incremental photographs of a moving subject.   His experiment arose from a bet made by his patron, railroad magnate Leland Stanford, who wagered that all four horse’s feet leave the ground during its gait.   Stanford commissioned Muybridge to prove this assumption.   Along with Marey, Muybridge established a new temporal and spatial index to visual measurement, an index exceeding natural human perception.   Muybridge (among others) transferred his individual photographs to an animating device — e ither his own projecting zoopraxiscope or a zoetrope — which effectively produced the illusion of movement. Muybridge’s photographs represented an initial rupture from nineteenth-century representational practices, a rupture that goes unrecognized as â€Å"cinematic† until much later.   According to Burch, this break represented an aestheticism regarded as â€Å"untrue†, even â€Å"ugly† at the time.   Indeed, the earliest movies work against Muybridge’s cinematic aesthetic.   For instance, a short list describing the formal aspects of Muybridge’s work might include a mobile frame, centered action, careful matching, continuity, multiple perspectives, and most importantly, a singular, individual subject acting in a representation rather than presentational mode — nearly the complete antithesis of early cinema’s formal characteristics.   In fact, this description — on at least a formal level — sounds closer to classical Hollywood than to early cinema and perhaps this similarity is why Marta Braun refers to Muybridg e’s work as early film narratives[2]. The period between Muybridge’s serial photography and the first public appearances of motion picture entertainment represented an extraordinarily rapid and varied period of experimentation.   Works like Deac Rossell’s Living Pictures admirably conveys the truly experimental sense of work done by both Muybridge and Marey, along with countless other pre-cinema innovators like Georges Demeny, William Friese-Greene, Charles Moisson, Louis Aimà © Augustin Le Prince, and Ottomar Anschà ¼tz.   In any case, by the late 1880s, Thomas Edison, after meeting with both Muybridge and Marey, emerged as an early innovator promoting motion pictures as a mass medium[3]. In the summer of 1891, Edison filed for two patents — one for a camerag called the kinteograph and the other for a viewing device called the kinteoscope.   Importantly, the kinteoscope was not a projector but a free-standing apparatus where individual patrons viewed films through a peephole[4].   By April 1894, the kinteoscope was being actively distributed by the Edison Manufacturing Company.   As a result, Edison constructed the Black Maria, a self-contained film studio with a black backdrop and an open roof that rotated to capture optimum sunlight.   With the Black Maria operational by February 1893, Edison’s films took on a decidedly more commercial form.   Many of the films drew on sporting events (especially boxing) as well as vaudeville and variety acts.   In 1895, Edison business associates Raff and Gamon filmed a flurry of historical subjects such as Joan of Arc (Edison #143, 1895) and The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (Edison #142, 1895)[5]. Meanwhile, in Europe, several other individuals demonstrated (almost simultaneously) their own inventions.   Britains’ Rovert William Paul and Birt Acres manufactured equipment compatible with Edison’s kinteoscope standard[6].   In Germany, brothers Max and Emil Skladanowsky tested their bioscop projector in July 1895 and then publicly exhibited it at the Berlin Wintergarden that November. In 1895, Auguste and Louis Lumià ©re publicly premiered their cinà ©matographe on Boulevard du Capucines[7].   The cinà ©matographe was developed in the Lumià ©re’s Lyon-based factory beginning in early 1895.   It allowed for longer running times of roughly 60 seconds per film by performing at a somewhat slower frame rate (approximately 16 frames per second) than its competitors.   Also, the apparatus was small, light, and portable — allowing for more spontaneous photography.   And perhaps, due in part to its flexible, economic design and expanded capacity, the cinà ©matographe produced a radically different filmmaking aesthetic than those films made by Edison and others.   For instance, unlike the enclosed and isolated studio â€Å"look† of Edison’s films, the first Lumià ©re film, Sortie d’usine (Lumià ©re #1a-c, 1895), shows quite symbolically, the Lumià ©res’ workers pouring out from the darkened interior recesses of the Lumià ©re factory.   Not only did Sortie d’usine, along with hundreds of other Lumià ©re â€Å"actualities†, move the pro-filmic space from an artificially created interior to a natural exterior environment, but — quite unlike the Edison productions — they emphasized everyday occurrences: workers going on their lunch break, children playing at the beach, Sunday patrollers on a busy boulevard, and the feeding of an infant child[8]. Perhaps more than anything else, with the Lumià ©res’ cinà ©matographe came an initial stabilization of film technology.   Admittedly, there were still several challengers to what would define the cinematic apparatus, most notably The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company’s 70mm Biograph projector which briefly thrived in the United States from 1897 to 1900.   While a seemingly endless variety of delivery systems appeared, the basic format of a 35mm projector running (very) roughly at 16 frames per second endured. But if the cinematic hardware slowly stabilized after the cinà ©matographe, software innovations were just beginning.   In fact, cinema’s early exhibition context — fairgrounds, music halls, travelling shows, variety theatres, and vaudeville — promoted a wide array of genres[9].   Indeed, that variety format encouraged not only the side-by-side placement of divergent film genres, but eventually let to their combination: travel films mixed with comic bits or actuality footage inserted into a fictional narrative. With this brief history, this paper attempted to show early cinema’s diversity both in terms of its technologies and formal styles.   While Tom Gunning groups the technical and stylistic options described above under the banner â€Å"cinema of attractions†[10], these options can be examined in a more sophisticated way.   While Gunning primarily links early cinema to various avant-garde practices, he also comments that the cinema of attractions reemerges at specific moments in narrative cinema.   Unfortunately, however, he does not elaborate on this re-emergence beyond citing the 1930s musical and the 1970s special effects films as example[11].   This paper presents early cinema’s diversity as a starting point for explaining why a cinema of attractions goes underground and why it reemerges at other moments in film history. Bibliography BRAUN, MARTA, Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). BURCH, NOEL, How We Got into Pictures: Notes Accompanying Correction Please, Afterimage, 8/9 (1981). CHANSEL, DOMINIQUE, Europe on-screen : cinema and the teaching of history (Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe, 2001) 217 p. GUNNING, TOM, The Cinema of Attractions: Early Cinema, its Spectator, and the Avant-Garde, in Thomas Elsaesser (ed.), Early Cinema: Space-Frame-Narrative (London: British Film Institute, 1990). HANSEN, MIRIAM, Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991). MARCHAND, PIERRE, One hundred years of cinema (London: Kingfisher, 1995) 47p. MUSSER, CHARLES, The Emergence of Cinema (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). RICHTER, HANS and RÃâ€"MHILD, JÃÅ"RGEN, The struggle for the film : towards a socially responsible cinema (Aldershot: Scolar, 1986) 192 p. ROSSELL, DEAC, Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998). [1]Noel Burch, How We Got into Pictures: Notes Accompanying Correction Please, Afterimage, Vol. 8, no. 9, 1981. [2] Marta Braun, Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (University of Chicago Press; Chicago, 1992). [3] Pierre Marchand, One hundred years of cinema (Kingfisher; London, 1995). [4] Charles Musser, The Emergence of Cinema (University of California Press; Berkeley, 1990). [5] Musser, The Emergence of Cinema, 86. [6] Dominique Chansel, Europe on-screen : cinema and the teaching of history (Council of Europe; Strasbourg Cedex, 2001). [7] Deac Rossell, Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies (State University of New York Press; Albany, NY, 1998). [8] Hans Richter and Jà ¼rgen Rà ¶mhild, The struggle for the film : towards a socially responsible cinema (Scolar; Aldershot, 1986). [9]Miriam Hansen, Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film (Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA, 1991) 85. [10] Tom Gunning, The Cinema of Attractions: Early Cinema, its Spectator, and the Avant-Garde, In: Early Cinema: Space-Frame-Narrative. Thomas Elsaesser (ed.) (British Film Institute; London, 1990) 57. [11] Gunning, The Cinema of Attractions 61.

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays Since ancient times Russians were known for their drinking habits, and often when I introduce myself as a Russian, the first respond I get is: Oh, so you are drinking a lot of vodka! Vodka always played a great role through the history of our country thus, deserving the status of a most popular Russian alcoholic drink. Slavic tribal people, powerful tsars and poor peasants knew it .It is now known to every Russian person regardless his status or position. There is no wedding, no funeral, no grief and no happiness if there is no a bottle of Vodka on the table and you dont feel this slightly burning and at the same time unbelievably smooth liquid running through your throat, gently filling every cell of your body with a pleasant warmth. Moreover, you can hardly find a disease that cant be cured by a mouthful of vodka. The quality and taste of vodka didnt really change through the history, however the process of its manufacturing was greatly modified. The invention of high-technological devises had a great impact on it. It made the process easier, cheaper and much faster. Nevertheless, most Russians, especially those who were born and raised in countryside, deliberately accept only traditional process of making this alcoholic drink. The process of manufacturing vodka at home is complicated and very precise. Russians say: If you want vodka to burn your heart and to cool your mind-you should give up not only a piece of your knowledge, but a piece of your soul as well. If you want to savor soft and slightly burning taste of pure Russian vodka and wake up next morning with a clear mind, cautiously follow the steps that this process requires. The process of making vodka starts with the water preparation process. To make vodka absolutely clear you should use mineral water in the process of manufacturing it. ...

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays Since ancient times Russians were known for their drinking habits, and often when I introduce myself as a Russian, the first respond I get is: Oh, so you are drinking a lot of vodka! Vodka always played a great role through the history of our country thus, deserving the status of a most popular Russian alcoholic drink. Slavic tribal people, powerful tsars and poor peasants knew it .It is now known to every Russian person regardless his status or position. There is no wedding, no funeral, no grief and no happiness if there is no a bottle of Vodka on the table and you dont feel this slightly burning and at the same time unbelievably smooth liquid running through your throat, gently filling every cell of your body with a pleasant warmth. Moreover, you can hardly find a disease that cant be cured by a mouthful of vodka. The quality and taste of vodka didnt really change through the history, however the process of its manufacturing was greatly modified. The invention of high-technological devises had a great impact on it. It made the process easier, cheaper and much faster. Nevertheless, most Russians, especially those who were born and raised in countryside, deliberately accept only traditional process of making this alcoholic drink. The process of manufacturing vodka at home is complicated and very precise. Russians say: If you want vodka to burn your heart and to cool your mind-you should give up not only a piece of your knowledge, but a piece of your soul as well. If you want to savor soft and slightly burning taste of pure Russian vodka and wake up next morning with a clear mind, cautiously follow the steps that this process requires. The process of making vodka starts with the water preparation process. To make vodka absolutely clear you should use mineral water in the process of manufacturing it. ...

The Environmental Rhetoric of the Simpsons Essay

The Environmental Rhetoric of the Simpsons - Essay Example Todd claims that the popular culture imagery in social commentary is the rhetoric of visual arguments (Todd, p. 137). Visual arguments show persuasive messages to the audience. Blair argues, â€Å"Visual argument is to use symbols to communicate and it can convince the audience (Todd, p. 138). The symbols or comical characters that might be presented through visual argument can convince people. For example, showing a visual argument about the environment and what is needed as process to protect the environment. Some visual images can be able to convince, because they might have personal or social experiences, which affect the individuals. The visual argument evidence is relevant because Todd quotes them from the argument and advocacy, which make visual arguments credible to solve problems that the affects the environment. These evidences are persuasive to the audience because they like to watch the visual arguments. Visual arguments show the environmental problems and the result if no care is followed of the process to help the environment. Todd claims that the nuclear power plant of the Simpsons represents the environmental politics of the real world. There should be visual explanations about the power plant regarding the negligence, which characterizes company standards for disposing of nuclear waste. Wastes are leaking out of the trashcan in a plant coffee room is a painful image. Watching trashcan full of waste in a coffee room and ignoring it is a sign of danger to the environment. T

Why there may be greater potential for FDI activity in China rather Essay

Why there may be greater potential for FDI activity in China rather than India - Essay Example theories therefore inform that FDIs may be attracted to India as a result of its relatively lower labour costs, lower political risks and its closer proximity to developed OECD states. China on the other hand, may appeal to FDIs as a result of its large consumer market and its more impressive trade with developed OECD countries.3 This paper conducts a comparative analysis of FDI appeal in India and China with a view to demonstrating that there may be greater potential for FDI activity in China rather than India. In order to demonstrate the greater potential for FDI activity in China, this paper analyses TNC theories and the determinants of FDI inflows and outflows and examines these determinants in the context of India and China’s economy. This paper is therefore divided into three parts. The first part of this paper provides an analysis of TNC theories and the determinants of FDIs. The second part of this paper examines India’s economy and the final part of this paper examines China’s economy. Since the 1960s several theories of TNC have emerged helping to explain the factors that weigh in favour of or against TNCs investing abroad.4 Traditional neoclassical theory usually represented by eclectic or OLI theories (ownership, localization and internalization advantages) are typically used to explain and predict the â€Å"determinants of FDI†.5 The eclectic theory arose out of J. Markusen’s reconceptualization of John Dunning’s neoclassical theory of investment and trade. Dunning’s neoclassical theory takes the position that FDIs are selected by TNCs as a result of a â€Å"combinations of transport costs, factor endowments and country size.†6 Eclectic theory explains why a company would elect FDI as opposed to producing locally and exporting locally produced goods abroad and where the TNC would most likely direct its FDI. In this regard, Dunning’s eclectic theory identifies the â€Å"why, where and when/how decisions in terms of ownership,

Luxury brands growth in India Essay Example for Free

Luxury brands growth in India Essay Lack of quality luxury space, environment and dearth of high street or super premium malls is a prime reason for restricted presence of luxury brands in India, thus there is a dire need for modernized and dedicated luxury retail areas in protected vicinities such as airports, according to a recent ASSOCHAM-KPMG joint study. Setting up stores in high streets affects luxury retailers profitability due to sky-rocketing rental costs, moreover, high streets are very cluttered, crowded and are unsuitable due to the absence of exclusive ambience that luxury retail demands, according to a study on Challenges highlighted by luxury retailers in India, jointly conducted by The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) and KPMG. The Indian luxury market grew at a healthy rate of 30% to reach $8. 5 billion in 2013 and is likely to continue growing at a healthy pace of about 20%, and reach $14 billion by 2016 owing to rising number of wealthy people, growing middle class, affluent young consumers and other related factors. Though, India currently enjoys just one-two per cent share in the global luxury market but it is the fifth most attractive market for international retailers. Fragmented and diversified consumer base in India is another significant challenge being faced by luxury retailers in India as high net worth individual ( HNI) consumers are not easy to reach, noted the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Luxury brands need to strategically design their growth plans to tap demand across three categories of HNIs, namely the inheritors (traditionally wealthy) who are habitual spenders; the professional elite who are discerning spenders; a large segment of business giants (entrepreneurs, owners of small and medium enterprises) who have the money but lack appreciation for fine luxury goods because of no prior exposure to such products, it added. There is a need for luxury brands to focus on expansion in the type and nature of products being offered and increasingly adopt innovative marketing plans to tap rapidly evolving consumer behavioral trends, said Mr D. S. Rawat, secretary general of ASSOCHAM while releasing findings of the study. Luxury retailers need to plan out of the box marketing strategies and come up with products that are tailor-made to suit the whims and fancies of varied Indian customers, said Rawat. Luxury is no longer a status symbol but is now a lifestyle and the global brands need to fast evolve and learn ways to adapt within the local environment so that they can get accustomed to nuances of the market by understanding the cultural identity of Indian consumers. Lack of policy support is another prominent challenge being faced by luxury brands in India, noted the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Despite strong demand momentum, Indian luxury market has not been viewed as policies and regulations friendly for the luxury retailers, the report said. Import duties (20-150 per cent) are relatively higher and this is considered as a key apprehension factor among the international players, who may resist them to frame aggressive growth plans for India, noted the study. Clauses such as 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in both single and multi-brand retail requires 30% of local sourcing, announced in the liberalized FDI policy in luxury retail in November 2013 could be difficult for the international luxury players to comply with. The duties are manifold ranging from customs duty, counter veiling duty (CVD), special additional tax, education cess adding to the overall cost, said Rawat. Besides, luxury retail is also affected by the system of maximum retail price as it applies to custom duties and to cascading after the custom taxes, thereby heavily penalizing foreign brands pushing their overall entrance costs by up to 40%. Lack of trained staff is another well-acknowledged challenge facing Indian luxury retail industry which requires greater discretion and knowledge on the part of a salesperson, further highlighted the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Shortage of skilled labour for the industry is a major cause of concern as it is difficult to make the local workforce understand the heritage and legacy of the brand along with the specific finishes involved in the manufacturing process, said Rawat. In the absence of these requisite skill sets, brands have no option but to manufacture in their country of origin; lack of skilled workers can also be attributed to the sales function where presentation and interpersonal skills form an integral element for the business. Growing prevalence of counterfeit luxury goods and a grey market are also hampering the growth of the industry, noted the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Most of these products belong to segments such as apparel, perfumes and accessories, which are usually lower ticket items and can be easily placed in grey channels. Luxury players in India continue to face supply side issues such as legal loopholes pertaining tointellectual property rights, inadequate means to monitor various emerging channels, and a growing number of online portals, among other factors, the study added. A collective, industry wide effort is likely to have a far-reaching impact in dealing with the issue as seen in other industries such as films and music. Awareness and collaboration also needs to be built with authorities, who have experienced major revenue losses   due to loss of taxes and duties, on how to deal with counterfeits, further suggested the study to counter the growing menace of counterfeit luxury products. Corrective measures need to be taken to banish the growth of grey luxury goods market in India which results in sizeable revenue losses for firms, said Rawat, and added that a strong legal structure combined with effective framework of intellectual property protection would help prevent dilution of brand image and reduced consumer trust. Measures in form of effective intellectual property enforcement, plugging loopholes in the legal and judicial structure and higher conviction rates can help curb the growth of fake luxury products, said Rawat. Information collected through secondary sources such as internet and local newspapers†¦

Introduction Of Leadership And Mentoring Management Essay

Introduction Of Leadership And Mentoring Management Essay According to Northouse, P, leadership is defines as a process whereby a person influences a group of persons to achieve a destination. In simple terms, leadership is a transactional event that occurs between these individuals instead of a characteristic that resides in the leader. This definition also includes goals attainment and these goals are pursuit by the leader and the followers. Another great definition is given by Batten (1989) who defines the leadership as a development of a complete system of expectations in order to determine evoke and implement the strengths of all resources the most important of which is people. 1.1 Definition of Mentoring According to Garvey (2004), mentoring is defines as a human interaction which depends on an intended purpose of the relationship between the individuals. It involves two people talking with a purpose for the main benefit of one of the individual. Mentoring also is a term that describes a confidential relationship between two people in making improvement in work or knowledge and through this process enhancing their capacity (Clutterbuck, D Megginson, D . 1995). 1.2 Characteristic of a Good Leader As Cox, D (1996) has stated leadership is a position that must be earned day by day. Effective leaders are foremost effective people in an organization. Thus, the characteristics of the leaders are very important. The following list five of characteristics that seem especially important to make up a good leader: Integrity Good leaders who possess the higher standard of integrity will make their followers trust them. A leader who is centered in integrity will meet his or her commitment and will be honest in all dealings. Therefore, followers will find them reliable and trustable. George, M.D (2005) has written that integrity requires the ability to understand oneself honestly and acceptance of ones self. Confidence Building self-confidence is always the preliminary to become a good leader. Having confidence in leaders is about having belief that they will act in effective and efficient way to accomplish goals. As Vojta (2010) stated, leader who possess confidence in himself or herself has the ability to influence an organization internally and externally. However, Adair (1997) agrees that confidence is essential but overconfidence will lead to arrogance. Vision A good leader possesses great vision to foresee a variable future state for the organization. Leaders need to be able to makes vision tangible and communicate the vision clearly to organization in a way that gains commitment. According to Bennis, W (2009), vision is an important characteristic to be an effective leader because lack of a clear vision will lower the effectiveness of a leader. Respect Respect should not be restricted only from the team members to the leader. As a good leader, he or she must treats all team members with respect and dignity all the times. Respect is simply treating team members as leader wish to be treated. This is a vital characteristic of an effective leader. Shriver, S (2011) suggests that leader must make sure they treat all human beings with respect regardless of differences. Locus of control Lee, Don Tsang and Eric (2001) state that a successful leader shows a high standard of internal locus of control. Leaders high on the internal locus of control are more likely to experience success and they also believed that their success is due to their personal efforts that they implement. 1.3 Characteristic of a Good Mentor To be a good mentor, mentor need to display certain characteristics. Although not all successful mentors will displays every characteristics listed as below, but these characteristic are highly desirable characteristics for all mentors. There are certain key characteristics a good mentor should possess: Enthusiastic A successful mentor believes that the mentee will enthusiastically share the knowledge and skills with the mentee. Mentor allows mentee to explore their feelings and thoughts openly with them. A good mentor possesses enthusiastic attitude are interested in and willing to listen with care and concern (Starcevich, Matt. 2005). Patience Effective mentors are patient by nature. They allow the person being mentored to make mistakes and encourage them learn from the mistakes. A good mentor will know how to respond with patience and grace. Honest A good mentor is the one who willing to provide honest feedback to the mentee. Good mentor thinks that it is their responsibilities to be honest to the mentee. They believe that there are huge lessons for mentee to learn as they speak the truth, transparent about their past experience and share with honesty (Cate, R. 2012). Supportive In order to be an effective mentor, he or she has to be supportive rather than critical. Good mentor are willing to give moral support and encouragement to help mentee to improve their performance. Most of the mentors have already achieved success and they are now giving support to mentee to meet the goal (Campbell, M.J. 2006). 1.4 Leadership Roles and Responsibilities There are several roles and responsibilities that a leader has to consider. Firstly, the world renowned business trainer, Tracy, B.S (2002) suggests that the role and responsibility of a leader is to solve problems and make decision. Leader has to make sound decisions that help the organization to achieve its target. To make a suitable decision, leader need to ensure that all discussion is productive and solve all the greater problems, in order to lead the team toward the decision. Secondly, leader has the role and responsibility to set a good example for the followers. Leader must strive for a good ethic and traits which leader wants his or her followers to follow. Thirdly, according to Fayol, H (1949), delegation of tasks is an important role and responsibilities of leadership. Leaders have to recognize the abilities of their subordinates by assigning them with important task. Leaders must understand the strengths and weaknesses of subordinates so that they may assign the task to a proper person. Lastly, leaders possess the role and responsibility to motivate their followers to produce effective result. To do so, leaders should encourage them by giving recognition awards, remind them the desire to achieve and give support in their work (Rampur, S . 2011). 1.5 Mentoring Roles and Responsibilities The mentor plays certain roles and responsibilities. Firstly, according to Byington, T (2010), mentor has the role and responsibilities to provide guidance and feedback to mentees on task progression. A mentor should provide guidance based on their experience and give constructive feedback which is in connection to the established target. Secondly, mentor has the role and responsibility to actively listen to their mentees problems. The mentor need to show respect by listening attentively to the problems of the mentee (Marquardt,M.J and Loan,P. 2006). Thirdly, as a mentor, he or she possesses the role and responsibility to generate motivation with the mentee. Mentors can motivate the mentee through encouragement or rewards, to drive a mentee to meet the ambitious goal. Lastly, mentors have the role and responsibility to act as a positive role model for their mentees. In order to set a good role model for the mentee, mentor must demonstrates a positive attitude and strive for a good wo rk ethics. This can helps to sets an example for their mentees to follow (Parkinson, L. 2010). 1.6 Benefits of Leadership According to Bennis (1999), the benefit of leadership is that it helps to increase productivity. Leaders have the role to provide guidance to their team members, to motivate team members and to solve any problems. Thus, team members are empowered to succeed and increase the productivity. Robert Zemsky and Susan Shaman of the University of Pennsylvania have conducted a research of 3,200 U.S. companies, the research showed that a 10 percent increase in spending for development leadership will increase an 8.5 percent in productivity. Besides that, leadership also helps to develop a better vision which simplifies in solving problem and also creating a mission statement and actionable goals. This statement and goals will be used to lead the team member to success. In addition, one of the benefits of leadership is limits employee turnover. This is because leadership encourage leader to motivate the employees, respect them and provide support to them to make them stay on the job. As a resul t, companies get to keep talented employees while reducing the recruitment costs (Jones, P.B. 2008). Leadership can also help a company maintain focus on its business. In large companies, there are many managers attempting to make decision. Leadership can get managers and staff on the same page and let them focus on the original company vision (Vitez, O. 2009). 1.7 Benefits of Mentoring According to Makin, L (2010), mentoring can benefit the organization by retaining the business knowledge and practical experience from long-term employees. This is because mentor will transfer their insight, knowledge and past experience of the company with the mentee so that mentee can gains potential knowledge about the organisation from the mentor. Besides that, mentoring can benefit the organization to become more productive. Mentor will provide guidance and help employee to seek solution to overcome the problem. Hence, employee can accomplish the task quickly, accurately and increase the productivity of the business. Organisations may incur additional cost problems when employee solves their problems inaccurately without a mentor. Moreover, mentoring allows organization to enhance professional development through sharing of skills, information and behaviors. Lastly, mentoring also can help to improving skills such as communication, listening and questioning skills. This could he lp mentee to gain better understanding of how to interact with others now and in the future (Morley, M. 2012). 1.8 Principles of Leadership Sugar, B (2008) has demonstrated that there are several principles linked to leadership. They are : Be technically and tactically proficient Leader must be technically proficient by demonstrate the ability to accomplish the mission and able to answering the questions. Technically competent leader will earn the respect of their followers.   Seek self-improvement Leaders must have a clear understanding of themselves through determine their strong and weak personal qualities. Self-improvement can be achieved by questioning and observing. Leader can seek for honest evaluation of others of their leadership ability. This could help them to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Make a sound and timely decision As a leader, he must be able to make a sound and timely decision through practicing estimates of the situation. To make a sound decision, leaders need to consider the effects of the decisions in the organisation and also accept the suggestions of the subordinates. Set an example Set the example to followers is considered one of the leadership principles as leadership is taught by example. If leaders can keep a positive attitude and high personal standards, then leaders can get the same attitude and same personal standard of their followers. This is because leader is an inspiration to all the followers. 1.9 Principles of Mentoring Rolfe, A (n.d) has written that mentoring is underpinned by several key principles that must be understood by mentor. They are : The professional relationship Mentor and mentee must maintain a professional relationship through acknowledge the one anothers contribution and celebrate their achievements. Other than that, mentee and mentor need to develop mutual trust and respect each other to maintain a professional relationship. Needs and Goals This principle drives the relationship between mentor and mentee. The mentor helps mentee by determining the desire goal, giving feedback and formulating steps to achieve the goal. Then mentee will consider the steps given by the mentor and implements the action to achieve the desire goal. Active Listening Mentors often act as sounding boards for the mentee. Mentor must be able to listen the mentees questions, ideas and plans. Therefore, their conversation becomes a dialogue where ideas and plans are shared. Limitations Mentee can seek for the idea and information from mentor. However, mentee must also refer to other resources such as professional counselling services. A mentee must recognize the limitations of a mentor and cannot demand a mentor to know everything. Part 2 : Discussion on the Competencies needed Introduction of Competencies Dubois, D (1998) defines competencies as certain personal characteristics, knowledge, skills, mindsets, skills and thought patterns that applied whether in singularly or in combinations of these, to bring a great performance. 2.1 Competencies needed by leaders The first key competency needed by leaders is self-awareness which allows leaders to have a clear understanding of their personality including strengths and weaknesses, reactions to problems and sources of frustration (Schein, E.H. 1978; Goleman, D. 1998). Both Schein (1978) and Goleman (1998) suggest that leaders having a clear perception of their personalities can help them to regulate of their emotions and make a change they want. It also enables leaders to understand their followers so that they can maintain an effective relationship with their followers. The second competency needed by leaders is engagement in personal transformation. Brake (1997) describes this competency as a desire to enhance personal skills and knowledge and stay up to date. The reflections of personal transformation are strong, willing to learn new things, re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ective learning and no limit assumptions. The leader who possesses the competency of engagement in personal transformation will accept the criticism and learn from the criticism (Spreitzer, 1997). Engagement in personal transformation is also includes items such as being open to change (Jordan and Cartwright, 1998) and willing to change personal perceptions (Harris and Moran, 1987). The third competency is visioning thinking. Frank (2005) describes this competency as the ability to provide a vision, foresee the future within the organisation. To create a best vision requires leader to get many ideas and supports from others. Hence, leaders can partnering with their team members, key employees or executive members throughout the organisation. 2.1 Competencies needed by mentors Building Rapport is one of the most fundamental mentoring competencies needed by mentors. Kram (1983) defines building rapport as the skills of the mentor to recognize and manage positively a lack of rapport. An inappropriate balance of common ground and dissimilarity will lead to weak common bond between mentor and mentee. Mentor can use open-ended questions to find some common ground between them to help establish an instant rapport between mentor and mentee. The second competency needed by mentors is active listening. An efficient mentor has to listen on all levels and understand what is the mentee body language message tells, what messages do mentors get through observing their facial expressions. These elements tell clearer than the words alone (Rogers, C.R. 2009). Rogers (2009) also suggests the balance of power is one of the competencies that are found in the most mentors. This competency enables mentor to determine the balance of power between mentor and mentee and to be understand about their desire achievements. Mentor has to empower his or her mentee to work out the skills at mentors disposal and impose his own agenda in order to achieve mentors goal. Part 3 : Mentoring at Work During February 2011 to November 2011, researcher worked as a senior accounting assistant for an accountancy firm Wezmart International Company, before taking up a degree in Teesside University. During that working period, researcher has encountered many mentoring opportunities. Researcher has applied several roles and responsibilities, characteristics and skills as a mentor. It also helped researcher to gain lots of valuable experience and knowledge in the mentoring scheme. While researchers works involved a range of mentoring tasks, there are several characteristics of a mentor that researcher has displayed in mentoring the beginning accounting juniors. Firstly, researcher has to exhibit the patience and tolerance in mentoring juniors to accomplish their task. Kanaskie (2006) suggests that mentor must possessed patience as all tasks take time and learning a new knowledge requires repetition. Therefore, researcher allows her juniors to make mistakes and she believed that her juniors will learn from the mistakes. For example, researcher showed patience by invested time to teach juniors how to use accounting software to generate financial statements of the company. Secondly, researcher was very supportive to coach beginning accountants to improve their accounting knowledge wherever their knowledge level. Researcher provided her juniors with helpful instructional support, direction and encouragement to support her juniors to provide accurate and timely acc ounting reports of the companies. Thirdly, researcher has to display the characteristic of empathy. Card Rogers (1985) describes empathy as accepting others without making judgments. For example, researcher accepted the new accounting staff as a developing accountant and did not judge the accounting reports prepared by them as being poorly prepared. Empathy allows the researcher to gain clear understand the perspective of the mentee. During that time, researcher has possessed certain roles and responsibilities of a mentor to maintain a successful relationship between her juniors. One of the roles and responsibilities is provides development feedback to the juniors. Researcher, as senior of her juniors, understood that she had an obligation to offer guidance and feedback on her juniors works. This allowed her juniors to identify their strengths or weaknesses about their accounting works and then motivate them to work on areas of weakness. Besides that, the researcher also assisted the juniors to build self-confidence. Juniors may feel lack of confidence to navigate challenging accounting tasks as they were still new in the career. Therefore, researcher encouraged juniors to take risks, accept any challenges situation and overcome difficulties to meet their achievement. Researcher also suggested juniors to have a realistic expectation and make a positive decision in order to help them build self-confidence. Moreover, researcher also possessed the mentors roles of listen actively and be sensitive to the mentees needs. Researcher had to listen without judgment and interruption to enable juniors to bring their problems or concerns to the surface (Ryan, V. 2012). Last but not least, researcher also set a positive example to her juniors by showing good personal attitudes (Loretto, P. 2012). For example, researcher followed all the instructions given by accounting executive and prepared timely financial reports so that researcher can demand the same positive behaviour from juniors. In order to assess researchers potential to mentor others, researcher has summarised the researchers competencies in a theoretical framework which suggested from Clutterbuck (2000) within Figure 1 below. click to expand Figure 1:  The 10 mentor competencies suggested from Clutterbuck (2000). Researcher believes that mentoring requires a whole range of competencies to meet a desire goal. These competencies are include self-awareness, communication competence, good humour, interest in developing others, goal clarity, behavioural awareness, conceptual modeling, professional savvy, commitment to own learning and relationship management. First of all, researcher possessed the self-awareness in order to understand and control their emotions, strengths and weaknesses. For example, researcher handled her own impatience and tiredness appropriately when giving suggestions to her juniors. This helped juniors to understand the effects emotions may have on behavior and also maintain a good relationship with the juniors. Researcher also developed the communication competence to meet the needs of juniors. Researcher practiced effective communication competence with juniors by understand the juniors interpersonal style and using active listening. For an instance, researcher listened to a junior described his confusion of unable to determine which accounting methods will be best suited for accounting task. Researcher then provided constructive suggestion to help juniors overcome her confusion. This could optimize the communication between their both. Besides that, researcher also practiced good humour to boost the morale of her juniors. Researcher believed that it is the best method to relieve stress and tiredness from the juniors (Clutterbuck, D. 2000). For example, researcher tried to relieve tension of juniors during the tough times, especially the accounting report submission period. Other than that, researcher also possessed the high interest in developing others. Researcher is interested to assist her juniors to achieve their potential. By providing encouragement and supports, such as encourage juniors to participate in accounting update seminar that will improve juniors accounting knowledge. Moreover, researcher developed goal clarity to help the juniors understand and determine the achievable goal. Researcher need to discuss the goal with the juniors and set a dateline to juniors to reach the goal, such as complete the ABC company financial reports within one week, to ensure that the juniors can accomplish the goal within the deadline (Adrian, Z. 2010). Researcher also practiced behavioural awareness to have a clearer understanding of juniors personal behaviours. For an instance, if researcher noticed her junior is an impatient person, researcher will makes quick decision and try to shorter her speech when communicating with the junior. This helped researcher to maintain a good relationship with accounting juniors in the organisation. In addition, researcher also achieved the conceptual modelling competence. The models can be self-created, drawn from elsewhere or created on the spot (Clutterbuck, D. 2000). In order to help juniors easier to understand the models of strategic planning, company structure or career planning, researcher has created a portfolio of models and shared the models to the juniors. Researcher also gained professional savvy through participates in various professional seminars such as IFRS for Accountants In Industry and Practice seminar, pay attention to all the information given by the seminar lecturer and then combined it with her own accounting experience. Researcher believed these can helped her to develop professional savvy and make sound judgement. Furthermore, researcher also committed to self-learning as a role model for accounting juniors. Researcher must improve her own growth if she wants to help juniors develop (Mind Tool Ltd, 2012). Researcher took the opportunities in new experiment such as taking on challenging tasks assigned by accounting executive. This opportunities assisted researcher for powerful learning and helped researcher to enhance her knowledge. Last but not least, researcher also possessed the competence of building relationship management. In order to maintain rapport with juniors, researcher has to develop trust, give respect the juniors and determine some common ground between juniors such as both attended the same high school or same hobbies. Researcher also showed concern for mentee and remembered some personal information of the juniors background such as academic background and birthday date. This helped researcher to establish instant rapport with her juniors. Conclusion

Harry Martinson’s Views from a Tuft of Grass Essay

Harry Martinson’s Views from a Tuft of Grass is one literary piece that deals with nature- its innate beauty and the special bond humans have with nature. The book contains several essays and a poem, and all of these explore the subject of the natural world around us admirably well. Through his vivid imagery and skillful use of words, Martinson takes the reader into his colorful and inviting world. Undoubtedly, valuing nature is one of the book’s major themes. Martinson makes his readers aware of the significance of nature to a person’s life. In one essay entitled Summer Reflections, he tells of his own longing for the summer season as opposed to that of a person coming from the tropics. He says that people who come from arctic or semi-artic places are more aware of the summer and that the word â€Å"summer† holds more meaning to them than for those who come from the opposite part of the earth. He tells this with such clarity and directness that one cannot help but feel the same longing for the heat and colors brought about by the summer. He makes us understand nature more by taking us to a beautiful world that sadly, often goes unnoticed and unappreciated. Through his illustrative essays we are implored to be more appreciative and aware of the natural wonders we have. Another literary theme that is implied in this book is the significant place folktales hold in shaping an author’s writing style. Martinson gives importance to these childhood stories. A spellbinding storyteller himself, he mentions folktales that he, as a Swedish child, believed in. He said that folktales invariably decide what kind of a storyteller an author would be. And through this, we would know what the author’s sense of personal aesthetic is. â€Å"MAJOR THEMES OF VIEWS FROM A TUFT OF GRASS† PAGE # 2 In his essay On Nature Writing, the importance of science is the major theme explored. The author implied that reality and imagination must be entwined before we can accurately paint nature’s innate beauty though words. Science, poetry and nature should be woven together so as to achieve perfection in writing. He said that we should combine scientific knowledge with artistry in order to capture the true mysteries as well as the aesthetic value of nature. One cannot go without the other- both are equally essential tools in nature writing. He gives advice to writers to be more sensitive and to challenge the power of words usually used to describe nature. He insists that writers should be more insightful so as to paint a clearer and more beautiful depiction of nature. In another essay, Martinson believes that the map is a significant piece of nature scientifically drawn into a piece of paper. He asserts that the map is a work of art and must be given importance too. Definitely, Martinson wants to give importance to science with respect to nature as explored in his essays. Truly, Martinson’s Views from a Tuft of Grass is an adorable work of art. It uses a very different approach to nature writing. It explores the subtle territories between nature and the factors that affect a writer’s depiction of it. Very few writers can achieve what Martinson has achieved: he has not only succeeded in beautifully illustrating nature through words, creating wonderful prose, but he has also succeeded in provoking significant, if not stirring, thoughts and memories in his readers. He makes his readers realize that we, as humans, are but a dot in the vast and varied environment around us. Humbling and even belittling, but very thought provoking. REFERENCE Martinson, Harry, Anderson, Erland, and Lars Nordstrom. Views from a Tuft of Grass. Los Angeles, California: Green Integer Books, 2005.

Critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of England being a mixed economy rather than a pure command or completely free-market.

Abstract: Different economies of the world choose one of the three economic systems: command economy, free market economy, and mixed economy to suit their needs and aims most appropriately. While each of these economic systems have their own advantages and disadvantages, most of the economies of the world are currently mixed economies. The command economy system has become substantially outdated as most economies, such as China and the Soviet Union, are transitioning into mixed economic systems. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each of the economic systems and particularly focuses upon the advantages and disadvantages that England has of being a mixed economy rather than a free market economy or a command economy. The paper sheds light upon issues such as unemployment, medical care, transport, and the increasing rate of immigrants that the country currently has to face. Introduction: Countries around the globe adopt various economic systems which suit their own circumstances or which their governments feel would be most appropriate to promote prosperity in the country. The economic systems of countries also evolve over time and may change from one particular system to another when the government, economic advisors of the country, and the public deem appropriate. There are three main types of economic systems which include the free market economy, the command economy, and the mixed economy (Ostrom, 2010). While most of the countries in the world are mixed economies, there are examples of countries which are closer to being free market economies or command economies. As with other economic concepts, each of the economic systems mentioned have their own respective advantages and disadvantages (Ostrom, 2010). Accordingly, governments and economic advisors devise economic policies which classify the economy into the categories of one of the three types of economic sys tems. However, governments may change these policies and may also change the economic systems adopted in a country when they feel it is required, although this process may take a long period of time (Ostrom, 2010). This paper will aim to explain the three types of economic systems and their advantages and disadvantages and then commence with a critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of England being a mixed economy rather than a complete free market economy or a pure command economy. The paper will begin with an explanation of the free market economy and the advantages and disadvantages of the free market economy, followed by the command economy and the advantages and disadvantages of the command economy. The paper will continue with an explanation of the mixed economy and the advantages and disadvantages of the mixed economy and the application of these concepts to the economy of England. The paper will then critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of En gland being a mixed economy and conclude with a summary of the main points mentioned and recommendations for improvements in economic policy for the country. Free Market Economy: The free market economy is an economic system which is purely driven by the market forces of demand and supply and the price mechanism. Thus, in the free market economy, those goods and services which are in high demand are produced and supplied and those that consumers are not willing to pay a high price for are not produced or supplied. The free market economy promotes the privatization of all industries as all resources are owned by private individuals in a free market economy and there is little or no government intervention (Polak, 2013). The government does not nationalize any industries and does not interfere in the production of goods or services. The free market economy is also known as the â€Å"laissez’faire† economy and producers operate upon the profit motive as the economy is in a state of pure competition (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2013). The advantages of a free market economy include that consumers are provided with a variety of products at potentially lo w prices as there are many producers competing for market share. Consumers are also likely to benefit from high quality products as producers would be competing with one another on the basis of factors such as quality and price. Consumers would also benefit from additional advantages such as convenience, variety, and availability of choice. Also, consumers would easily be able to find the products which they are demanding as the market would be operating according to the price mechanism (Polak, 2013). There would be higher investment in research and development and more chances of larger technological breakthroughs as firms would be competing to gain a competitive advantage in the design of their products /services and/or gaining a cost advantage in their production processes. The free market economy may also mean higher productivity levels, higher wages, and more work opportunities for individuals. This is because the economy would be in a state of rigorous competition, making room for more workers to gain higher incomes as businesses would also be competing to recruit the most talented and skilled workers. An economy may prosper and increase its GDP when operating upon a free market economy system, yet it is often considered that the disadvantages of a free market economy system outnumber its advantages (Bremmer, 2010). The disadvantages of a free market economy system include the fact that there is likely to be a high level of inequality in the distribution of income as the rich would be likely to get richer and the poor would be likely to get poorer. Additionally, as there would be no or little government intervention, the public would not be provided with benefits such as welfare schemes, pension schemes, and may not even be provided with fair pay according to the cost of living. Problems such as inflation and the occurrence of monopolies would also not be prevented by the government as the government would have no major role in the economy. There may be wastage of resources as the economy would be in a state of pure competition and expenditure would be incurred on activities such as advertising, marketing, and continuous innovation of products/services (Coates, 2014). Essential services would not be provided to the public such as free medical care, police and army services, and education (Robertson, 2013). De-merit goods such as drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and other products would be produced without interference or control from public authorities. Public goods which are not produced for a profit but are produced because they are necessary such as street lighting, water, roads, and other such products/services are either priced very high or not produced at all. Accordingly, a free market economy may be beneficial for the rich but may be highly detrimental for the poor. There is no example of a complete free market economy in the world but the USA comes closest to the definition of a free market or capitalist economy. This is becaus e the USA has approximately 30% government spending in its GD, one of the lowest figures in the world, with 70% expenditure incurred by the private sector (Coates, 2014). A pure command economy is the opposite of a free market economy and will be explained in the next section of this paper. Command/Planned Economy: A planned or command economy is the opposite of a free market economy and is an economic system which is completely controlled by the government. In a planned economy, most or all resources are owned by the government and the government decides what is produced in the economy and the price charged for the products/services. Consumers have little or no say in what is produced and all industries are nationalized. A planned economy also sets out the wages of workers and may also impose quotas upon the number of goods purchased by a single household. Command or planned economies are sometimes imposed by governments in order to maintain control and to attempt to make better use of resources. However, the command or planned economy has not been a highly feasible system to adopt in the current economic environment, resulting in countries, such as China and Russia, to have to evolve or change their economic systems (Hummel & Stringham, 2010). The advantages associated with a planned economy include a reduction in the wastage of resources and a more equal distribution of income between people of that country. Moreover, the population would be provided with services such as education, roads, water, medical care, and other facilities upon the government’s budget. Governments often wish to adopt this system in order to prevent riots or unrest in the country as most of the people in the country would be at the same social level and would not feel that the system is unjust. Therefore, it allows the government to have more control on the economy and control economic problems such as inflation, deflation, unemployment, poverty, and other similar issues (Calomoris, Fisman, & Wang, 2010). There are many disadvantages associated with a command economy which include the inefficient allocation of resources as resources are not allocated according to the price mechanism. Thus, resources may be wasted in producing things that consumers may not want. Likewise, producers and wor kers do not have any incentive to work hard as they are not allowed to own wealth and are simply working for the government which would stunt the prosperity and progress of that country. Consumers would also have little choice or variety and would also have lower standards of living as they would have a lack of products/services to choose from. Additionally, it is difficult for the government to provide all goods and services efficiently themselves and this may mean that the provision of some important goods/services may be prevented or may be provided inconveniently. Countries with planned economies may suffer in global trade and other such factors as they would not be able to motivate their citizens to exert their best efforts into production and trade without giving them personal incentives. Thus, this also causes a lack of foreign investment and a high tax rate for the provision of government-funded services. Also, it is difficult to determine how the government would decide wha t should be produced in the economy and how they can easily anticipate consumer demand (Warner, 2011). Accordingly, the planned economic system has become outdated as previous communist or planned economies such as China, Russia, and even Sweden are now in transition towards a more mixed economic system which will be explained in the next section of this paper. Mixed Economy: The mixed economic system is a combination of the free market economy and the planned economy as this system has both a public sector and a private sector. As mentioned before, most of the countries of the world are mixed economies as they have a public sector and a private sector. The mixed economy allows the government to intervene to provide essential goods and services such as police, medical care, education, welfare and pension schemes, and other similar services while the private sector is free to produce goods and services as well (Castells, 2011). However, the government will intervene where needed and prevent the production of de-merit goods and prevent producers from charging unfair prices amongst other things. Consumers receive the benefit of variety and choice in goods and services and are given an incentive to work hard while they are also facilitated by the government in the form of free goods (public goods) and services (Meyer, 2011). The mixed economy combines the adv antage of the free market economy and the planned economy and also shares some of the disadvantages of both respective economies. England is a mixed economy and thus benefits from the advantages associated with not being a complete free market economy or a pure command economy, but also suffers from a few of the disadvantages of not being either of these economies (Meyer, 2011). England’s Economic System: England, while previously being one of the strongest economies in the world, is currently plagued with several economic problems, which have slightly weakened its economic system. Being a mixed economy, England’s government spends about 40% of its GDP upon government spending while the remaining 60% belongs to the country’s private sector. The 40% of government spending is 10% more than what is spent in the USA as a percentage of GDP (Cleaver, 2013). This is because England’s government spends a larger proportion of its tax revenue upon the provision of more comprehensive health services, unemployment, and welfare schemes for the poor, and the transport system of the United Kingdom (Castells, 2011). The country is benefitting substantially by not being closer to a pure free market economy as the government of the country plays a vital role in stabilizing several economic aspects of the country. First of all, the unemployment rate of England is increasing rapidly, which means that it is essential for the government to provide support for the unemployed. If the government had little or no role to play in the economy, the unemployment rate may have even been higher and the number of people that were currently out of jobs may have been out on the roads without provision of basic facilities (Gillespie, 2011).Moreover, as the country is currently in a state of recession, without government intervention, the living standards of people would have decreased substantially, putting the economy in further turmoil and in a possibly irreversible situation (Gillespie, 2011). England is also home to a large number of immigrants and students who form a large part of the GDP in the country annually. If the country had been a complete free market economy, the country was likely to be in a state of chaos as there would be no control upon the immigrants entering the country and there would be no provision of facilities for these immigrants and students which wo uld further burden the country with increasing crime rates, further unemployment, and increasing numbers of homeless people filling the streets. Besides, with increasing numbers of immigrants and an increasing unemployment rate in the local population, the country is also benefitting from government spending upon free health services which keep the citizens and visitors of the country under high quality healthcare and helps prevent the spread of dangerous diseases from people who cannot afford expensive medical treatment. The implications of this control imposed by the government include a better and fairer distribution of income along with the provision of unemployment benefits, free education, pension and welfare schemes, and high quality healthcare for all people alike (Cleaver, 2013). Furthermore, another essential part of the government’s role in the economy includes the transport system which is subsidized for students, senior citizens, and people with lower incomes. Th us, the government is responsible for the provision of essential public goods and services which are needed to promote the welfare of the citizens of England and make them a prosperous economy (Bohstedht, 2010). Conversely, the disadvantages associated with England being a mixed economy rather than a free market economy include the fact that some services may be provided more efficiently by the private sector including healthcare, as the National Health Service is taking up a substantial part of taxpayer’s money and the standards of the service are also slightly deteriorating resulting in long waiting lists for patients who require treatment. Moreover, if the government privatized several more industries and promoted an environment of pure competition, it may result in the creation of additional jobs and help decrease the unemployment rate. Additionally, increased consumer spending and investment may also attract further foreign direct investment into the country and help bri ng the country out of its current recessionary state as England’s foreign direct investment rate has decreased over the years and UK’s own companies have increased their investment in other emerging markets. The public has also been highly verbal and rebellious regarding the increasing tax rate in the country which would have been non-existent had the country been a free market economy (Cleaver, 2013). On the other hand, while there are advantages and disadvantages associated with the country being a mixed economy rather than a free market economy, there are also advantages and disadvantages associated with the country not being a pure command economy. The advantage that England has of not being a pure command economy is that it has been able to motivate its population to work hard and become a progressive state as workers are allowed to accumulate wealth instead of limiting the growth of its citizens and nationalizing all its industries. While there is some inefficien cy in the allocation of resources, the country’s private sector does operate upon the price mechanism thus allowing the efficient allocation of resources according to the market forces of demand and supply (Boaden, 2010). England has also been able to encourage high amounts of foreign direct investment and the immigration of skilled labour which would not have been possible if the country had been a pure command economy. Consumers are also provided with a variety of high quality goods and services which has increased the country’s standard of living and has also enabled it to be an active participant in global trade (Boaden, 2010). Yet, there are certain disadvantages that the country has of not being a pure command economy and being a mixed economy which include the unequal distribution of wealth amongst its citizens which is causing increasing unrest. Moreover, there is ample wastage of resources in the economy because of increasing competition between firms and the country is suffering from several scandals in the realms of corporate social responsibility, quality, unfair pricing, and other problems in its private sector (Bohstedht, 2010).The country has also had to face immense problems because of the large number of immigrants entering the country each year and if the country had been a pure command economy, it would have not had so many potential immigrants to deal with (Boaden, 2010). Conclusion: England is best suited to be a mixed economy like most of the other economies of the world as this economic system enables the economy to combine the advantages of both the complete free market economy and the pure command economy. Additionally, while the country is progressing in the private sector, government intervention is essential for the provision of necessary public goods and services, without which the economy would substantially deteriorate the conditions of the poor. However, while the country has nationalized many of its essential services, the country should consider allowing privatization in the healthcare industry as the burden of taxes to pay for the NHS is increasing while the quality of the service provided by the NHS is deteriorating. Moreover, this is an essential industry which cannot be plagued with delays as is currently happening with the NHS. Thus, being a mixed economy, England should slightly further reduce its government spending to allow the private secto r to benefit further while the government can exert legal control over the activities of firms in the private sector. Furthermore, the government must encourage private industries to increase employment, incomes, and consumer spending, and thus lead to a higher GDP and a more progressive nation. The country would also easily be able to pull itself out of its current recessionary state and reduce the tax burden on its citizens. References Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. (Eds.). (2013). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Boaden, N. (2010). Urban policy-making: influences on county boroughs in England and Wales. Cambridge University Press. Bohstedt, J. (2010). The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, C. 1550-1850. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Bremmer, I. (2010). â€Å"The end of the free market: who wins the war between states and corporations?.† European View. Vol. 9(2) pp. 249-252. Calomiris, C. W., Fisman, R., & Wang, Y. (2010). â€Å"Profiting from government stakes in a command economy: Evidence from Chinese asset sales.† Journal of Financial Economics. Vol. 96(3) pp.399-412. Castells, M. (2011). The power of identity: The information age: Economy, society, and culture (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons. Cleaver, T. (2013). Understanding the world economy. Routledge. Coates, D. (2014). â€Å"The UK: Less a liberal market economy, more a post-imperial one.† Capital & Class. Vol. 38(1) pp.171-182. Gillespie, A. (2011). Foundations of economics. Oxford University Press. Hummel, J. R., & Stringham, E. P. (2010). â€Å"If a Pure Market econoMy Is so Good, Why doesn’t It exIstthe Importance of changing Preferences versus Incentives in social change.† Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. Vol.13 pp.31-52. Meyer, M. W. (2011). â€Å"Is it capitalism?.† Management and Organization Review, Vol.7 (1) pp.5-18. Ostrom, E. (2010). â€Å"Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems.† The American Economic Review. pp. 641-672. Polak, J. J. (2013). An international economic system (Vol. 7). Routledge. Robertson, P. E. (2013). Does a Free Market Economy Make Australia More Or Less Secure in a Globalised World?. University of Western Australia, Business School, Economics. Warner, M. (2011). â€Å"Labour markets in China: Coming to terms with globalization.† The dynamics of Asian labour markets: Balancing control and flexibility. New York, NY, Routledge. pp. 134-147.